Chief Actions: Mutiny of Sepoys at Meerut.
(1) Massacre at Cawnpore; (2) Delhi, Relief of Lucknow.
Results: Following the suppression of the mutiny the charter of the East India company is revoked and India passes directly under the crown, a secretary of state for India being added to the British ministry.
WAR OF ITALIAN LIBERATION—1859.
(1) Sardinia-Piedmont and France vs. (2) Austria.
Causes: Since 1848 Sardinia-Piedmont had been the center of the movement for Italian unity. Following promises of aid from Napoleon III. Cavour traps Austria into declaring war over the question of disarmament.
Leaders: (1) Victor Emmanuel, Napoleon III., Garibaldi; (2) Francis Joseph II., Gyulay.
Chief Actions: (1) Montebello, Magenta, Solferino. Peace signed at Zurich, November 10, 1859.
Results: By this war Victor Emmanuel gained Lombardy. In 1860 Tuscany, Parma, Modena and the papal legations were added. In 1861 he gained Sicily and Naples, together with the title King of Italy. Venetia followed as a result of alliance with Prussia in 1866 and the addition of Rome in 1871 completed the unification of Italy.
DANISH WAR—1864.