(1) Austria and Prussia vs. (2) Denmark.
Causes: Incorporation of the duchy of Schleswig with Denmark in violation of treaty of 1852.
Leaders: (1) Gablenz (Austria), Prince Frederick, Charles (Prussia); (2) Dermeza, Gerlach.
Chief Actions: (1) Invasion of Jutland, Storming of Düppel.
Results: Denmark gives up Schleswig-Holstein, which is jointly administered by Austria and Prussia.
AUSTRO-PRUSSIAN WAR—1866.
(1) Prussia with smaller North German States and Italy vs. (2) Austria, Hanover, Saxony, and South German States.
Causes: Friction over Schleswig-Holstein enables Bismarck to force Austria into a war for supremacy in Germany.
Leaders: (1) William I., Prince Frederick, Charles, Moltke, Victor Emmanuel; (2) Benedek, Archduke Albert, Gablenz, Prince Charles of Bavaria.
Chief Actions: In Bohemia: (1) Soor, Koniggrätz or Sadowa; (2) Trautenau. In the West: (1) Aschaffenburg; (2) Langensala. In Italy: (2) Custozza, Lissa.