Chief Actions: (1) Port Arthur and Chemulpo, Vladivostok, Yalu River, Dalny, Siege of Port Arthur, Mukden, Sea of Japan.
Results: Closed September 5, 1905, by treaty of Portsmouth by which Korea passes under control of Japan, China regains Manchuria, and Japan is granted important railroad rights.
BALKAN WAR—1912-1913.
(1) Montenegro, Bulgaria, Servia and Greece vs. (2) Turkey.
Causes: Discontent with Turkish rule in Macedonia.
Leaders: (1) Savoff, Dimitrieff, Putnik, Constantine; (2) Nazim Pasha, Mukhtar Pasha, Abdullah Pasha.
Chief Actions: (1) Kirk Kilisseh, Lule Burgas, Monastir.
Results: Turkey appealed to the powers, November 3, 1912, for intervention, and an armistice was signed December 3, 1912, ending one of the shortest and most sanguinary wars in history. The treaty of peace was signed May 30, 1913.
(2) Servia, Greece, Roumania, Turkey vs. Bulgaria.
Causes: Disputes over the division of Macedonia.