SOUTH AFRICAN OR BOER WAR—1899-1902.
(1) Great Britain vs. (2) Transvaal, Orange Free State.
Causes: Resistance by the Boers to the British form of government in the Transvaal.
Leaders: (1) Sir George White Buller, Methuen, Roberts, Kitchener, French; (2) Cronje, Botha, De Wet, Delarey.
Chief Actions: (1) Siege of Ladysmith, Paardeberg; (2) Colenso, Spion Kop, Vaal Krantz, Magersfontein.
Result: Boers surrendered May 31, 1902; are granted the right of self-government under British sovereignty, and united with other self-governing British colonies in South Africa, in 1910, to form the Union of South Africa.
RUSSO-JAPANESE WAR—1904-1905.
(1) Japan vs. (2) Russia.
Causes: Russian encroachments in Manchuria, and their fortification of Port Arthur.
Leaders: (1) Togo, Kuroki, Oku, Nodzu, Oyama, Nogi; (2) Kuropatkin, Alexieff, Makaroff, Stoessel, Stakelberg, Linievitch.