[17] Crandall v. Nevada, 6 Wall. 35 (1868). This case has been cited as supporting the claim that "the right to pass freely from State to State" is "among the rights and privileges of National citizenship" (Twining v. New Jersey, 211 U.S. 78, 97 (1908)); but it was pointed out in United States v. Wheeler, 254 U.S. 281, 299 (1920), that the statute involved in the Crandall Case was held to burden directly the performance by the United States of its governmental functions. In Williams v. Fears, 179 U.S. 270, 274 (1900), a law taxing the business of hiring persons to labor outside the State was upheld on the ground that it affected freedom of egress from the State "only incidentally and remotely."
[18] United States v. Cruikshank, 92 U.S. 542 (1876).
[19] Ex parte Yarbrough, 110 U.S. 651 (1884); Wiley v. Sinkler, 179 U.S. 58 (1900).
[20] United States v. Waddell, 112 U.S. 76 (1884).
[21] Logan v. United States, 144 U.S. 263 (1892).
[22] Re Quarles, 158 U.S. 532 (1895).
[23] Crutcher v. Kentucky, 141 U.S. 47, 57 (1891).
[24] 307 U.S. 496.
[25] Concurring in the result, Justice Stone contended that the case should have been disposed of by reliance upon the due process, rather than the privileges and immunities, clause, inasmuch as the record disclosed that the complainants had not invoked the latter clause and the evidence failed to indicate that any of the complainants were in fact citizens or that any relation between citizens and the Federal Government was involved.—Ibid. 525-527.
[26] 314 U.S. 160, 177-183 (1941).