Christian pilgrims are persecuted by the Seljukian Turks.
Henry IV, Emperor of Germany, holds a council at Rome which deposes Gregory VII. In union with the German princes the Pope deposes the Emperor.
1077. Pope Gregory exacts an annual tribute from Alfonso, King of Castile.
At Canossa Henry IV humbles himself before the Pope and is absolved. See "[TRIUMPHS OF HILDEBRAND]," v, 231.
1079. Boleslas of Poland excommunicated by Gregory and expelled by his subjects.
1080. Henry IV convenes a council which deposes Gregory VII; it elects Guibert, Antipope Clement III, in his stead.
End of the war between Henry and Rudolph of Saxony caused by the death of the latter.
1081. Constantinople captured by Alexis Comnenus, who is placed by his soldiers on the Byzantine throne.
1084. Gregory VII is besieged in the castle of St. Angelo; Robert Guiscard delivers the Pope. See "[TRIUMPHS OF HILDEBRAND]," v, 231.
1085. Death of Gregory VII, in exile at Salerno; the papacy vacant till the following year.