1067. Council of Mantua; Hildebrand denies the imperial right to interfere in the election of a pope.
1068. Carrier pigeons are employed by the Saracens to convey intelligence to the besieged in Palermo.
1069. Morocco founded by Abu-Bekr, Ameer of Lantuna.
1071. Alp Arslan, the Seljuk Sultan, defeats and captures the Eastern Emperor, Romanus Diogenes.
1072. Palermo is taken by the Normans, who reduce the whole of Sicily.
1073. Lissa, taken by the Normans, is recovered by the Venetians.
Hildebrand elected pope; he takes the name of Gregory VII; the sale of church benefices in Germany forbidden by him. See "[TRIUMPHS OF HILDEBRAND]," v, 231.
1074. Gregory VII suggests the first idea of a general crusade against the Turks.
1075. Lay investiture prohibited by a council called by Gregory VII. See "[TRIUMPHS OF HILDEBRAND]," v, 231.
1076. Atziz, Malek Shah's lieutenant, conquers Syria from the Fatimites of Egypt, and takes Jerusalem.