An interdict laid on England as King John persists in rejecting
Stephen Langton. See "INNOCENT III EXALTS THE PAPAL POWER," vi, 156.
Assassination of Philip of Swabia by Otho, Count of Wittelsbach; Otho
IV becomes emperor of Germany in place of his father.
1209. Foundation of the order of Franciscans.
Defeat of the Scots under William I in an invasion of England.
Salinguerra, leader of the Ghibellines at Ferrara, expels the marquis
Azzo and the Guelfs.
Massacre of the Albigenses by the crusaders, at Beziers, France. See
"INNOCENT III EXALTS THE PAPAL POWER," vi, 156.
1210. Emperor Otho IV claims Sicily of Frederick II of Hohenstaufen; he attempts its conquest. He is excommunicated by the Pope.
Fourteen heretics are condemned to the flames by the Council of Paris; the works of Aristotle are ordered to be burned, and the future translation and reading of them forbidden.
1211. Marquis Azzo recovers his influence in Ferrara.
1212. Frederick of Hohenstaufen, supported by Innocent III, wars with Otho for the German crown.