Battle of Navasde Tolosa; the kings of Castile, Aragon, and Navarre crush the Moors and destroy the Almohade power in Spain.
Children's Crusade from France and Germany. See "THE SIXTH CRUSADE," vi, 208.
1213. King John of England submits to the Pope. See "INNOCENT III EXALTS THE PAPAL POWER," vi, 156.
Subjugation of the Albigenses by Simon de Montfort, who is awarded the principality of Toulouse,
1214. Battle of Bouvines; victory of Philip Augustus over Otho IV, supported by English and Flemish auxiliaries.
1215. Transubstantiation declared, by the twelfth general council, to be a doctrine of the Church; auricular confession enforced; it transfers the greater part of the lands of Count Raymond, the late Albigenses leader, to Simon de Montfort.
Magna Charta signed by King John. See "SIGNING OF MAGNA CHARTA," vi, 175.
In Florence begins the fierce quarrel between the Guelfs and
Ghibellines.
Founding of the order of Dominicans.
China invaded by Ghengis Khan; he captures Peking.