1262. Beginning of the barons' war in England; the kingly power is restored to Henry III by parliament; his son Edward brings in a foreign army to support him.
1263. Last invasion of Scotland by the Norwegians repulsed by King Alexander III.
1264. Henry III and his brother, Richard of Cornwall, are defeated and taken prisoners at Lewes by Simon de Montfort at the head of the English barons.
1265. Representation of the commons in parliament is granted by Simon de Montfort. At the battle of Evesham he is defeated and slain; the authority of the King is restored.
Birth of Dante.
1266. Magnus, King of Norway, cedes the Hebrides and the Isle of Man to Scotland.
Charles of Anjou conquers Sicily.
Florentine nobles (Grandi) are excluded from all part in the government of Florence.
1267. Conradin enters Italy with an army; a large part of Sicily declares in his favor.
1268. In attempting to recover the Two Sicilies from Charles, Conradin, the last of the Hohenstaufens, is captured and executed.