1645. Execution of Laud; Battle of Naseby in England, defeat of the Royalists.
Death of Michael, Emperor of Russia; Alexis succeeds.
1646. Charles I delivers himself to the Scots; the Marquis of Montrose, who had been operating in Scotland against the Covenanters, capitulates to the Roundheads.
Battle of Jankau; victory of Torstenson; Hatzfeld, the Imperial general, captured. The Duc d'Enghien and Turenne near Noerdlingen.
1647. Insurrection of Masaniello in Naples. See "Masaniello's Revolt at Naples," xi, [253].
Charles I, being handed over to the Parliamentarians by the Scots, imprisoned.
A truce arranged between the Elector of Bavaria and the Swedes and French.
Peter Stuyvesant appointed governor of New Amsterdam.
Huygens invents and applies the pendulum to clocks.
Founding of the Society of Friends, or Quakers, by George Fox, England.