1648. Rising of the Royalists in England; the Scots, who had taken up arms for Charles, are defeated by Cromwell. The Long Parliament driven from its chambers by Cromwell.
Recognition of the independence of Holland by Spain.
End of Thirty Years' War. See "Peace of Westphalia," xi, [285].
Insurrection in Paris against Prime-Minister Mazarin: Day of the Barricades.
1649. Execution of Charles I. His son Charles proclaimed king in Scotland. England becomes a commonwealth; Cromwell Lord Lieutenant of Ireland. See "Great Civil War in England," xi, [311].
Imprisonment of George Fox, founder of the Society of Friends, at Nottingham.
Civil war of the Fronde; the Treaty of Reuil ends it.
"Cromwell's Campaign in Ireland." See xi, [335].
Passage of the Act of Toleration in Maryland. See "Religious Toleration Proclaimed in Maryland," xi, [303].
1650. Montrose lands in Scotland to aid the Scot forces of Charles II; he is defeated, taken prisoner, and hanged. Cromwell passes the Tweed; Battle of Dunbar, victory of Cromwell.