Jacotin, Carte topographique de l’Égypte. Paris. 1869.—St. John, Egypt and Nubia. London. 1845.—Johnson, V. E., Egyptian Science from the Monuments and Ancient Books. London, 1892.—Jornard, E. F., Description de l’Égypte. Paris, 1809.
Kayser, F., Aegypten einst und jetzt. Frieburg, 1879, 2nd ed.—Kenrick, J., Ancient Egypt under the Pharaohs. London, 1850, 2 vols.—Kminek-Szedlo, I., Catalogo di antichita egizie. Torino, 1895.—Krall, J., Studien zur Geschichte des alten Aegyptens, in Sitzber, d. Wiener Acad. d. Wiss. Wien. 1890; Beiträge zur Geschichte der Blennyer und Nubier. Wien, 1898.—Krummel, L., Die Religion der alten Aegypter. Heidelberg, 1893.
Lassus, L’Art égyptien. Paris, 1898.—Laurent, F., Études sur l’histoire de l’humanité. Paris, 1865, 18 vols.—Lauth, Aegyptische Chronologie. Strassburg, 1877.—Lefébure, L’Importance du nom chez les égyptiens. Sphinx, I; Le contre-charme. Sphinx, I; Rites égyptiens. Paris, 1890.—Lenormant, F., Chaldean Magic and its Origin and Development. London, 1877.—Lepsius, K. R., Letters from Egypt. London, 1853; Königsbuch der alten Aegypter. Berlin, 1858; Das Totenreich der égypter. Leipsic, 1842; Denkmäler aus Aegypten und Aethiopien. Berlin, 1849-1859, 12 vols.; Chronologie der Aegypter. Berlin, 1848; Über einige Berührungspunkte der Aegypt., griech. und röm. Chronologie. Berlin Acad., 1859; Über die zwölfte Aegypt. Königsdynastie. Berlin Acad., 1853.
Karl Richard Lepsius was born 23rd December, 1810, at Naumburg, Prussia; died 10th July, 1884, at Berlin. Professor Lepsius was one of the most distinguished of Egyptologists. In his maturer years he had a professorship in Berlin, itself a matter of distinction in that land of scholarship. He made excursions to Egypt in an official capacity, and familiarised himself at first hand with the monuments and records that were his life study. As a writer Professor Lepsius was less distinguished than some of his confrères in the field, though all that he wrote had, of course, the stamp of the highest authority. His letters from Egypt and Nubia, being of a more popular character than his other writings, were translated into English and widely circulated. It must be admitted, however, that his descriptions of the famous ruins have interest rather because they reflect the opinions of a great scholar than because of their intrinsic literary merit.
Lieblein, Aegyptische Chronologie, Christiana, 1863; Recherches sur la chronologie égyptienne. Paris, 1873; Hieroglyph. Namenwörterbuch. Leipsic, 1871-1892; Index alphabéthique de tous les mots contenus dans le livre des morts. Paris, 1875; Gammel-aegyptisk Religion populaert fremstillet. Christiana, 1883-1885; Handel und Schiffahrt auf dem Roten Meer in alten Zeiten. Leipsic, 1887; Le livre égyptien que mon nom fleurisse. Leipsic, 1895.—Loret, V., L’Égypte aux temps des Pharaohs. Paris, 1889; La flore pharahonique. Paris, 1892.
Mahler, Ed., Materialen zur Chronologie des alten Aegyptens in Ztschr. für äg. Spr. no. 32, 1894.—Mallet, D., Les premiers établissements des Grecs en Égypte. Paris, 1893.—Magrizi, Description topographique et historique de l’Égypte. Paris, 1895. (Trans. from Arabic).—Mariette, Choix des monuments et des dessins. Paris, 1856; Le Sérapeum de Memphis. Paris, 1857-1866, 9 parts; Aperçu de l’histoire de l’Égypte. Paris, 1864; Nouvelle table d’Abydos. Paris, 1865; Fouilles executées en Égypte, en Nubie, et au Soudan. Paris, 1867; Abydos description des fouilles. Paris, 1870-1880, 2 vols.; Catalogue général des monuments d’Abydos. Paris, 1880; Dendéra: description générale du grand temple de cette ville. Paris, 1870-1880, 5 vols.; Les papyrus égyptiens du musée Bolaq. Paris, 1871-1873, 3 vols.; Karnak, Étude historique et archéol. Paris, 1875; Deinri al-Bahari. Paris, 1877; Monuments Divers. Paris, 1872-1889; Les Mastabas de l’ancien empire, ed. by G. Maspero. Paris, 1882-1886; Voyage dans la Haute-Égypte. Paris, 1878 (2nd ed., 1893).
August Eduard Mariette was born 12th February, 1821, at Boulogne; died 18th January, 1881, at Bulaq. He was one of the most assiduous workers, and came to be one of the greatest authorities in the field of Egyptology. He early made explorations in Egypt, and after founding the famous Museum at Bulaq spent the remainder of his life on the ground, almost incessantly occupied with explorations and with the interpretation of his archæological finds. His first famous excavations were made at Memphis, about the middle of the nineteenth century; later on he excavated the famous temple of Abydos. His publications are very numerous, but they are chiefly of a scholarly rather than a popular character. He was the highest authority on the hieratic form of Egyptian writing. Notwithstanding the technical character of much of his writing, he had a wide popular reputation, partly due to his official position as director of the Museum at Bulaq. Like most Frenchmen, Mariette could write in a popular vein when he chose, and his Aperçu, above noted (translated into English by Miss Mary Brodrick under the title of Outlines of Ancient Egyptian History) is one of the most entertaining popular studies of the subject.
Martine, Histoire du monde oriental dans l’antiquité. Paris, 1894.—Maspero, G., Du genre épistolaire chez les égyptiens. Paris, 1872; Sur quelques papyrus du Louvre. Paris, 1875; Études égyptiennes. Paris, 1879-1882; Histoire ancienne des peuples de l’Orient. Paris, 1886, 4th ed.; L’archéologie égyptienne. Paris, 1887; Les contes populaires de l’Égypte ancienne. Paris, 1889; Les momies royales de Deir et Bahari. Paris, 1889; Lectures historiques; histoire ancienne; Égypte, Assyrie. Paris, 1890; Histoire ancienne des peuples de l’Orient classique. Paris, 1895; The Struggle of the Nations. Soc. Prom. Chr. Know. London, 1896; Études de mythologie et d’archéologie égyptienne. Paris, 1893; The Dawn of Civilisation. Soc. Prom. Chr. Know. London, 1897; Manual of Egyptian Archæology. Paris, 1893; La carrière administrative de deux hauts fonctionnaires égyptiens vers la fin de la III dynastie, in Journal asiatique, Vol. XV.
Gaston Camille Charles Maspero was born at Paris 24th June, 1846; member of the Institute, formerly Professor of Egyptian Archæology and Ethnology in the Collège de France, more recently Director of the Egyptian Museum at Bulaq. Professor Maspero is one of the most famous of living orientalists, and since the death of Mariette Pasha, whose work he has continued in Egypt, he is doubtless the most authoritative of French Egyptologists. While making a specialty of this field, however, he has by no means confined himself to it, and his brilliant writings cover the entire field of oriental antiquity. While Professor Maspero is known everywhere to scholars, and recognised by them, as an authority on the topics of which he treats, his fame as a popular writer is still wider. In fact in this field he, perhaps, has no peer among Egyptologists and orientalists, living or dead. His work entitled Les Origines has been translated into English, under the title of The Dawn of Civilisation, as have also its companion volumes, one of which bears the striking title of The Struggle of the Nations, but these more elaborate works in no wise detract from the importance and authority of the brilliant earlier Histoire du peuple de l’Orient, from which we shall have occasion to make numerous extracts, and which, for some unaccountable reason, has not hitherto been made accessible to English readers. The gift of style is no rarity among French historians, but Professor Maspero has it in a degree unusual even among his compatriots, and the whole range of historical literature can show few works which combine the qualities of authority and readableness in a higher degree than his.
Melida, Historia del arte Egipcio. Madrid, 1899.—Mémoires, publiées par les membres de la mission archéologique française au Caire sous la direction de Maspero; Memoirs of the Egypt Exploration Fund. London.—Ménard, L., La vie privée des anciens. Paris, 1880-1883, 4 vols.; L’histoire des anciens peuples de l’Orient. Paris, 1883. These works are valuable because of their admirable style. They are the work of one who is a writer, rather than an Egyptologist; nevertheless, they are based on a careful study of the authorities, and they may be turned to with confidence.—Meglin, F., Histoire de l’Égypte. Paris, 1823.—Meyer, E., Geschichte des alten Aegyptens. Berlin, 1887; Geschichte des Alterthums. Stuttgart, 1884, etc., 5 vols. (in progress).