Eduard Meyer was born in 1855, at Hamburg, Germany; he is at present ordinary Professor of Ancient History in the University of Halle, of which university he is also a graduate. Professor Meyer’s historical studies, from the outset, have looked particularly to the history of antiquity. Quite early in life he developed a plan for writing a comprehensive history of both oriental and classical antiquity, and the first volume of this work, under the title of Geschichte des Alterthums, appeared in 1884. It is, in some regards, the most valuable history of antiquity as yet written, combining, as it does, the characteristic qualities of German scholarship, with a degree of condensation very unusual in German works, and a fair measure of popularity of style. The first volume of Professor Meyer’s history deals solely with the nations of the Orient, and it furnishes perhaps the best available outline for the studies of any one who would undertake a full investigation of Egyptian history. Unfortunately the work is out of print; but a new edition is promised. The more extended work on Egyptian history was contributed to the Oncken series.
Milne, History of Egypt under Roman Rule. London, 1899.—Minutoli, Über die aegypt. Pigments und Maltechnik der Alten. 1892.—Molchow, E., Aegypten und Palästina. Zürich, 1881.—Mook, F., Aegypten’s vormetallische Zeit. Würzburg, 1880.—Morgan, Fouilles à Dahschour. Wien, 1895; Catalogue des monuments et inscriptions de l’Égypte antique par Morgan, Bouriant, Legrain, Jequier et Barsant. Wien, 1894. (Valuable technical works.)—Müller, W. Max, Who were the Ancient Ethiopians? Philadelphia, 1894; Asien und Aegypten nach altaegyptischen Denkmälern. Leipsic, 1895.
Naville, The Temple of Deir al-Bahari. London, 1894; The Store-city of Pithom and the Route of the Exodus. London, 1888. (Valuable works of an original explorer.)—Norovitch, L’Europe et l’Égypte. Paris, 1898.
Ollivier-Beauregard, La caricature égyptienne. Paris, 1894.—Osburn, W., Monumental History of Egypt. London, 1854. (Of antiquarian interest.)—Oxley, W., Egypt. London, 1884.
Palmer, W., Egyptian Chronicles. London, 1861, 2 vols.—Parsons, A. R., New Light from the Great Pyramid. New York, 1894.—Parthey, I. F. O., Erdkunde des alten Aegyptens.—Paturet, La condition juridique de la femme dans l’ancienne Égypte. Paris, 1886.—Pensa, G., Les Cultures de l’Égypte. Paris, 1897.—Pentaur, in Brugsch’s Egypt. London, 1881, 2 vols. (The work ascribed to Pentaur is a poem describing the exploits of Ramses II, like the Battle of Kadesh. Pentaur, however, is not the author of it, but merely the transcriber of one copy of this poem. See p. 212.)—Perring, I. S., Pyramids of Gizeh. London, 1839-1842, 3 vols.—Perrot and Chipiez, Histoire de l’art dans de l’antiquité. Paris, 1881-1889. (The series of works on ancient art by these French authors constitutes one of the most important contributions to the subject ever written. The works are accessible in an English translation.)—Petrie, W. M. F., A History of Egypt from the Earliest Times to the XVIth Dynasty. London, 1894; Inductive Metrology. London, 1877; Plans, Descriptions, and Theories. London, 1880; The Pyramids and Temples of Gizeh. London, 1883; Tanis I. London, 1885; Tanis II, Nebesheh and Defenneh. London, 1887; Naukratis I. London, 1886; Racial Portraits, 190 Photographs from the Egyptian Monuments. London, 1888; Historical Scarabs. London, 1889; Hawara, Biahmu, and Arsinoe. London, 1889; Kahun, Gurob, and Hawara. London, 1890; Tell el Hesy (Lachish). London, 1891; Ten Years’ Diggings. London, 1892; Tell-el-Amarna. London, 1894; Egyptian Tales. London, 1894-1895; Egyptian Decorative Art. London, 1895; Syria and Egypt from the Tell-el-Amarna letters. London, 1898.
Professor W. M. Flinders Petrie was born in 1853 at Charlton, England; D.C.L. Oxford, 1893; LL.D. Edinburgh, 1895; he is at present Professor of Egyptology in University College, London. Professor Petrie is perhaps more widely known to the public at large than any other living Egyptologist. Though still a comparatively young man, he has devoted more than twenty years to almost continuous exploration of the ruins of ancient Egypt. From the very outset he gained a reputation as a discoverer of buried cities, which his subsequent exertions have amply sustained. Professor Petrie comes naturally by the instincts of the explorer, as he is a grandson of Captain Matthew Flinders, who was celebrated for his explorations of the Australian coast at the beginning of the nineteenth century. The recitals of the fabulous wonders of Australia are not more fascinating or more marvellous than the narratives Professor Petrie has been enabled to give of the long lost and long forgotten mysteries of Egypt.
Piehl, Deux déesses égyptiennes (in Mélanges de Harlez). Leiden; Inscriptions hiéroglyphiques recueillies en Europe et en Égypte. Leipsic, 1895.—Poole, R. S., Cities of Egypt. London, 1882; Egypt. London, 1881.
Rawlinson, G., Egypt and Babylon. London, 1885; Ancient Egypt. London, 1887; History of Ancient Egypt. London, 1881, 2 vols. (Canon Rawlinson’s works on Egypt were perhaps written to round out his series of oriental histories. They are of course based on the authorities, and are at once dependable and entertaining.)—Regaldi, L’Egitto antico. Firenze, 1882.—Renouf, P. le Page, The Book of the Dead in Proc. Soc. Bibl. Arch., Vol. XI, 1894-1896; Lectures on the Origin and Growth of Religion. London, 1880. (These works, written by the successor of Dr. Birch, and the predecessor of Dr. Budge as Keeper of the Egyptian and Assyrian Antiquities at the British Museum, have, of course, the fullest authority. The religious phases of oriental archæology had a peculiar interest for the author, and his writings are confined to this field and the field of philology.)—Reynier, L., State of Egypt after the Battle of Heliopolis. London, 1802; De l’Égypte sous la domination des Romains. Paris, 1807.—Revillout, Lettres sur les monnaies égyptiennes. Paris, 1895; Mélange sur la métrologie, l’econ. polit. et l’histoire de l’ancienne Égypte. Paris, 1895.—Riegl, Zur Frage des Nachlebens der altaegyptischen Kunst in der spätern Antike.—Robinson, C. S., Pharaoh of the Bondage and Exodus. New York, 1887.—Robiou, F., La religion de l’ancienne Égypte et les influences étrangères. Paris, 1888.—Rosellini, I monumenti dell’ Egitto e della Nubia. Pisa, 1832-1844. (The work of one of the most famous pupils of Champollion still has interest and value, though necessarily antiquated in many regards.)—Rougé, E. de, Recherches sur les monuments qu’on peut attribuer aux six premières dynasties de Manéthon. Paris, 1866; Études sur divers monuments du règne de Tutmes III, découverts a Thèbes par E. Mariette. Paris, 1861; Géographie ancienne de la Basse-Égypte. Paris, 1890. (The name of De Rougé is permanently associated with the theory that the Phœnician alphabet was derived from an early form of the Egyptian hieratic writing. The original paper in which De Rougé advanced this theory was accidentally destroyed, and the theory did not gain prominence until after the death of the author. Its correctness is still in doubt, though it has able champions.)
Salvolini, F., Campagne de Ramses le Grand contre les Scheta. Paris, 1835. (The work of another famous pupil of Champollion, and innovator in Egyptology.)—Sayce, A. H., Egypt of the Hebrews and Herodotus. London, 1895; Ancient Empires of the East. London, 1844; Records of the Past.—Schack-Schackenburg, Aegyptolische Studien. 1894.—Schiaparelli, Il libro dei funerali de antichi Egiziani. Torino, 1890.—Schmidt, O. P., A Self-verifying Chronological History of Ancient Egypt. Cincinnati, 1889.—Schweinfurth, Der Moerissee nach den neuesten Forschungen. In Petermann’s Mitteil. 1893.—Sethe, Untersuchungen zur Geschichte und Alterthumskunde Aegyptens. Leipsic, 1900, 3 parts (in progress).—Sylvestre de Sacy, Abd-al-latif, translated by Sacy. Paris, 1810, 3 vols.—Simaiki, A. A., La province romaine d’Égypte. Paris, 1892.—Sharpe, The Chronology and Geography of Ancient Egypt. London. 1849; History of Egypt to Arab Conquest. London, 1876, 2 vols. (Works that are out of date, though still having considerable value, particularly for the later period of Egyptian history; most entertainingly written.)—Smith, P., The Ancient History of the East from Earliest Times to Conquest of Alexander the Great. London, 1871.—Smyth, C., Piazzi, Our Inheritance in the Great Pyramid. London, 1890.—Spiegelberg, W., Studien sum Rechtswesen des Pharaohenreiches der Dynastie XVIII-XXI. Hanover, 1892; Rechnungen aus der Zeit Setis I. Strassburg, 1896; Zur Geographie des alten Aegyptens by Dümichen. Ed. by Spiegelberg. Leipsic, 1894; Die Novelle in alten Aegypten. Strassburg, 1898; Arbeiter und Arbeiterbewegung in Pharaonenreich unter den Ramessiden. Strassburg, 1895; Die erste Erwähnung Israels in eine aegyptischen Text. Berlin Acad., 1896.—Stangen, Aegypten. Leipsic, 1882.—Steindorff, Aegypten und mykenische Cultur. Berlin, 1892; Grabfunde des mittleren Reiches in den kgl. Museen zu Berlin; Zur Geschichte der Hyksos. Leipzig, 1894; Zur Geschichte der XI Dynastie in Ztschr. für Aegypt. Spr. no. 33. 1895; Blütezeit des Pharaonenreiches. Bielefield, 1900.—Strabo, The Geography of Strabo. (Strabo was one of the greatest geographers of antiquity. A somewhat extended reference to his work has been made already, and further notice will be taken of it in a later book.)—Strauss, V. von Torney, Der altaegyptische Götterglaube. Heidelberg, 1890, 2 parts.—Stucken, Ed. Die Astralmythen der Hebräer, Babylonier und Aegypter. Leipsic.
Tiele, Histoire comparée des anciennes religions et des peuples sémitiques. Paris, 1882.—Tomkins, H. G., Campaign of Ramses II against the Kadesh on Orontes. London, 1882.—Torr, Cecil, Memphis and Mycenæ and Examination of Egyptian Chronology and its Application to the Early History of Greece. Cambridge.—Tylor and Somers Clarke, The Tomb of Sebeknekht. London.—Tylor and L. Griffith, The tomb of el-Paheri at El-Kab. London.