Gesenius, F. H. W., Palæogr. Studien über phöniz. und punische Schrift, Leipsic, 1835; De inscriptione Phœnicio-Græca in Cyrenaica nuper reperta ad Carpocratianorum hæresin pertinente commentatio, Halæ, 1825; Scripturæ linguæque Phœniciæ monumenta quotquot supersunt edita et inedita, Leipsic, 1837. (Like all the works of this author, of great value for the student of Semitic philology. The last-named work comprises the first important collection of Phœnician inscriptions ever published.)—Gilbert, O., Rom und Karthago, Leipsic, 1876.—Gibbon, E., The Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire (ed. by W. Smith), London, 1872, 8 vols.—Gosselin, R. F. J., Recherches sur la géographie systématique, Paris, 1790-1813, 4 vols.—Graux, C., Les fortifications de Carthage, Paris, 1878.—Grote, G., History of Greece, London, 1871, 10 vols.—Grotefend, G. F., Die Sanchuniathonische Streitfrage nach ungedruckten Briefen gewürdigt, Leipsic, 1836. (The position of Grotefend as an originator in the field of oriental philology gives peculiar interest to his views on the much-mooted question of the authenticity of the alleged writings of Sanchoniathon. Grotefend, it will be recalled, first gained a clew to the phonetic values of certain characters of the old Persian cuneiform writing, thus taking the first step toward the interpretation of the Assyrian and Babylonian records.)—Guerin, H. V., Inscription bilingue de Thugga (in Voyage archéol. dans la régence de Tunis, Paris, 1862).—Gutschmid, A. von, Beiträge zur Geschichte des alten Orients, Leipsic, 1858; Neue Beiträge zur Geschichte des alten Orients, Leipsic, 1876; Kleine Schriften, edited by Rühl, Leipsic, 1889-1894, 5 vols. (The second volume of the last-named work contains the original version of the monumental article on Phœnicia contributed by the author to the ninth edition of the Encyclopædia Britannica.)
Halévy, J., Mélanges d’épigraphie et d’archéologie sémitiques, Paris, 1874; Mélanges de critique et d’histoire relatifs aux peuples sémitiques, Paris, 1883. (The opinion of one of the most original thinkers and greatest authorities among students of Semitic philology.)—Hamaker, H. A., Lettre à M. Raoul-Rochette sur une inscription en charactères phéniciens et grecs, récemment découverte à Cyrène, Leyden, 1825.—Hamdy-Bey et Th. Reinach, Une nécropole royale à Sidon, Paris, 1892.—Hanno, Ἀρριὰνοῦ περίπλους, κ. τ. λ., Ἅννωνος περίπλους Λιβίης κ. τ. λ., Basle, 1533.
(The remarkable document here cited tells us all that is known to posterity of the life of Hanno the explorer who lived probably in the fifth century, B.C. The document itself was found in the ruins of Carthage. As to whether it was written by Hanno himself we have no evidence, unless with Professor Rawlinson we feel that so direct and clean-cut an account must come from the hand of the man of action whose deed it records. Be that as it may, it is a most important historical document, as evidencing an early expression of that desire to reach out beyond the limits of the then known world, which almost two thousand years later was to culminate in the discoveries of Columbus.)
Heeren, A. H. L., Historical Researches, Oxford, 1834-1846, 5 vols. (The author is particularly happy in his treatment of Phœnician and Carthaginian civilisation.)—Hegel, G. W. F., Lectures on the Philosophy of History, London, 1857.—Hengstenberg, E. W., Commentatio de rebus Tyriorum, Berlini, 1832.—Henzen, G., Iscrizione Greco-fenicia d’Atene (in Annali dell’ instituto di corresp. arch. XXXIII, 1859, p. 321 et seq.).—Herder, G., Ælteste Urkunde des Menschengeschlechts (in his Werke zur Theol.).—Hérisson, Comte d’, Relation d’une mission archéol. en Tunisie, Paris, 1881.—Herodianus, Ἡρωδιανοῦ τῆς μετὰ Μάρκον βασιλείας ἱστοριῶν βιβλία ὀκτώ, Leipsic, 1789-1805, 5 vols.—Herodotus, Historiæ, Strasburg, 1816, 5 vols.—Hittell, J. T., History of the Mental Growth of Mankind in Ancient Times, New York, 1893.—Hitzig, F., Zur ältesten Volks-und Mythengeschichte, Leipsic, 1845; Epigraphische Miscellen. (in Zeitschr. d. Deutschen Morganländ. Ges. Vol. XII, 1858, p. 695).—Hogg, J., On Some Inscriptions from Cyprus, copied by Commander Leycester, R. N., London, 1862. (Reprint from Transactions of Royal Society of Literature.)—Homer, Ὀδυσσεία, Florence, 1488.—Hommel, F., Geschichte Assyriens und Babyloniens, Berlin, 1885. (Contains a tolerably full exposition of the author’s reasons for upholding the theory of the Babylonian—versus the Egyptian—origin of the Phœnician alphabet, a subject regarding which authorities are not agreed.)
Jeremias, J., Tyrus bis zur Zeit, Nebukadnezars, Leipsic, 1891.—Josephus, κατὰ Ἀπίωνος, Basle, 1544.—Judas, A. C., Étude démonstrative de la langue Phénicienne et de la langue Libyque, Paris, 1847; Essai sur la langue Phénicienne avec deux inscriptions puniques inédites, Paris, 1842; Nouvelles études sur une série d’inscriptions numidico-puniques, Paris, 1857.—Justinus, Historiarum Philippicarum Libri XLIV, Venice, 1470. (The account of the early history of the Phœnicians contained in the work of Trogus Pompeius—which Justin condensed—is believed to have been based on the lost “Book of Kings” of Timagenes, and to have been quite extensive. Justin’s remnant is very meagre, but is rendered relatively valuable by the paucity of other sources.)
Kenrick, J., Phœnicia, London, 1855. (A work which attempts to do for the Phœnicians what Wilkinson did for the Egyptians, and with a large measure of success. Still very valuable.)—Kidder, D. P., Tyre: Its Rise, Glory, and Desolation, with Notices of the Phœnicians Generally, New York, 1852.—Kiepert, H., Die geogr. Stellung der nördl. Länder in der phöniz.-hebr. Erdkunde (in Berl. Acad. d. Wiss. 1859, p. 191 et seq.).—Kopp, N. F., Palæographia critica, Mannheim, 1829 (see pp. 90-240, Inscr. Semiticæ); Bilder und Schriften der Vorzeit, Mannheim, 1819-1821, 2 vols.—Kruse, F., Ulrich Jasper Seetzen’s Reisen durch Syrien, Palästina, Phönizien, die Transjordanländer, Arabia, Petræa, und Unter-Ægypten, Berlin, 1854, 2 vols.
Lajard, F., Introduction à l’étude du culte public et des mystères de Mithra en orient et en occident, Paris, 1847.—Lanci, M., Osservazioni sul bassorelievo fenico-egizio che si conserva in Carpentrasso, Rom, 1825; La sacra scrittura illustrata con monumenti fenico-assirii ed egiziani, Rom, 1827; Paralipomeni alla illustrazione della sagra scrittura per monumenti assirii ed egiziani, Paris, 1845; Ragionamento di M. Lanci intorno a nuova stela fenicia discoperta in Malta, Rom, 1855.—Landau, W. von: Beiträge zur Altertumskunde des Orients. Part I: Belagerung von Tyros. Part II: Die phöniz. Inschr., Leipsic, 1899.—Lang, R. H., Cyprus: Its History, its Present Resources and Future Prospects, London, 1878.—Lasalle, Ch., Origin of Western Nations and Languages showing the Construction and Aim of Punic, etc., London, 1883.—Layard, A. H., Discoveries in the Ruins of Nineveh and Babylon, London, 1853.—Laval, L. de, Voyage dans la péninsule arabique du Sinai et l’Egypte moyenne, Paris, 1855-1859.—Ledrain, M., Cours d’épigraphie sémitique et d’archéol. assyrienne, Paris, 1883; Notice sommaire des monuments phéniciens du musée du Louvre, Paris, 1888.—Leemans, C., Gedenksteenen met Phönicische, Karthagische, Numidische en Liby-Phönicische Opschriften, Leyden, 1842.—Lenormant, F., Le légende de Cadmus et les établissements phéniciens en Grèce, Paris, 1867.—Lenthéric, Ch., La Grèce et l’Orient en Provence, Paris, 1878.—Lessert, Pallu de: Les fastes de la Numidie, Constantine, 1888.—Levy, M. A., Phöniz. Studien, Breslau, 1856-1870, 4 parts; Phöniz. Wörterbuch, Breslau, 1864; Siegel und Gemmen mit aram., phöniz., althebr., himjar., nabatæischen und altsyrischen Inschr., Breslau, 1869.—Lichtenstein, A. A. H., Tentamen palæographiæ Assyrio-Persicæ, Helmstädt, 1803.—Lidzbarski, M., Handbuch der semitischen Epigraphik, Weimar, 1898, 2 vols.; Ephemeris, Giessen, 1900.—Livy, Titus, Historiarum Ab Urbe Condita libri, London, 1600.—Longpérier, A. de: Inscriptions phéniciennes de Carthage (in Journ. Asiat. Ser. VI, Vol. XIII, p. 343).—Lortet, L., La Syrie d’aujourd’hui, Paris, 1884.—Luynes, Duc de, Mémoire sur le sarcophage et l’inscription funéraire d’Esmunazar, roi de Sidon, Paris, 1856.
Malte-Brun, C., Geschichte der Erdkunde von den ältesten bis auf die neuesten Zeiten, Leipsic, 1816, 2 vols.—Maltzan, H. Freiherr von, Reise auf der Insel Sardinien. Nebst einem Anhang über die phöniz. Inschr. Sardiniens, Leipsic, 1869.—Maspero, G., Histoire ancienne de l’orient, Paris, 1886.—Meier, E., Erklärung phöniz. Sprachdenkmäler, die man auf Cypern, Malta und Sicilien gefunden, Tübingen, 1860.—Mela, Pomponius, De situ orbis libri III (in Dionysius Alex. et Pomp. Mela sit. orb. descr.), 1577, and the Rare and Singular Works, London, 1590.—Meltzer, O., Geschichte der Karthager, Berlin, 1879. (An admirably scientific study of the early history of Carthage, but only the first volume, bringing the story to 306, B.C., has appeared.)—Meyer, Ed., Geschichte des Altertums, Stuttgart, 1884-1902, 5 vols.; Meyers Konversations-Lexikon, Leipzig und Wien, 1894-1897, 17 vols.—Michaeler, K., Historisch-kritische Abhandlung von den Mysterien, Wien, 1796.—Mommsen, Theodor, Römische Geschichte, Berlin, 1853-1856—Montesquieu, Baron de, Esprit des lois, Paris, 1740.—Montfaucon, B. de, Palæografia Græca, Paris, 1708; L’antiquité expliquée et représentée en figures, Paris, 1719.—Movers, F. C., Die Phönizier. Vol. I, Bonn, 1841; Vol. II in three parts, Berlin, 1849-1856; Phönizien (in Allg. Encyclop. von Ersch und Gruber, Ser. III, Vol. XXIV, pp. 319-443); Phönizische Texte erklärt, Breslau, 1845-1847, 2 vols.; Die punischen Texte im Poenulus des Plautus kritisch gewürdigt und erklärt, Breslau, 1845.
Franz Karl Movers was born at Koesfeld, Prussia, July 17th, 1806; died at Breslau September 28th, 1856. Professor Movers was essentially a man of one idea and one book; but the idea was a broad one, and the book an epoch-making one. Movers early in life seems to have selected the history of Phœnicia as the subject to which he would direct his great energy and scholarly attention. It was an almost virgin field. Beyond the vague traditions of the Greeks, comparatively little was known of that race which had played so great a part in spreading oriental culture throughout the western world. The subject was a peculiarly difficult one, because, unlike the Egyptians and the Babylonians, the Phœnicians had left very few monuments to tell posterity the story of their greatness. But Professor Movers followed up with the utmost assiduity such traces as were to be found, and while he did not live to complete his work, he gave the world a partial history of the Phœnicians which no subsequent investigator of their history can ever neglect. In the main his results have stood the tests of time, and even now Movers must be considered the foremost authority on Phœnician history.
Müller, F. H., Commentatio de rebus Semiticis, Berolini, 1831.—Müller, W. M., Ein Phönik. König (in Mitteil. d. Vorderasiat, Ges. 1896), Berlin, 1896.—Munk, S., L’inscription phénicienne de Marseilles, trad. et commentée, Paris, 1848.—Münter, F., Die Religion der Karthager, Copenhagen, 1816; Der Tempel der himmlischen Göttin zu Paphos, Copenhagen, 1824; Om en nyling blandt ruinerne of Karthago opdaget Punisk gravskrift, Copenhagen, 1824. (Works now having scarcely more than an antiquarian interest.)