850 Lothair divides his possessions among his three sons.
(1) Louis II (emperor) receives Italy (see Italy).
(2) Lothair II receives Lorraine. He cedes Alsace to the emperor Louis II.
(3) Charles receives Provence, etc.
Death of Lothair I.
858 Ludwig the German attacks dominions of Charles the Bald, but is obliged to retreat.
863 Death of Charles of Provence. His kingdom is divided between the emperor Louis and Lothair II of Lorraine.
869 Death of Lothair. Charles the Bald seizes Lorraine and has himself crowned.
870 Treaty of Mersen between Charles the Bald and Ludwig the German. Ludwig takes the eastern half of Lothair’s kingdom, and Charles the western.