Chapter VIII. The Abbasids
[b] L. A. Sédillot, op. cit.
Chapter IX. The Decline of the Moslems in Spain
[b] Sampiro, Bishop of Astorga, in “Regno Ordonii II,” etc. (in Florez, España Sagrada).
[c] S. A. Dunham, op. cit.
[d] L. A. Sédillot, op. cit.
Chapter X. Arab Civilisation
[b] Simon Ockley, op. cit.
[c] R. Dozy, op. cit.
[d] Alexander von Humboldt, Cosmos.