1099 Paschal II. He expels Clement III from Rome, who dies the following year.
1100 On Clement’s death, Theodore, anti-pope, is elected by the imperial party. He falls into Paschal’s hands and condemned to be a hermit.
1102 Albert anti-pope—he is thrust into a monastery.
1105 Silvester IV, anti-pope. He is eventually deposed by the emperor himself.
1106 On death of Henry IV, the question of investiture is renewed with Henry V.
1110 Henry V makes a warlike descent on Italy. Treaty of Sutri, compromising rights of the church.
1111 Paschal refuses to crown Henry, who imprisons both pope and cardinals. Paschal compelled to bestow the crown on Henry.
1115 Death of the countess Matilda, leaving her possessions to the pope. Henry threatens another visit to Rome.
1116 Excommunication of Henry in the Lateran Council. Henry advances on Rome. The pope retreats to Benevento.
1118 Paschal returns to Rome. He dies. The cardinals elect Giovanni da Gaeta, Gelasius II. He is at once seized by Cencius Frangipani. The Transteverines compel his surrender. Henry V arrives in Rome. The pope flees to Gaeta, where he is consecrated. Henry, with the assent of the people, makes Maurice Bourdin, Gregory VIII, anti-pope. On Henry’s departure, Gelasius returns to Rome, but, again attacked, leaves Rome for France.