1178 Calixtus abdicates his title. End of the schism.
1181 Ubaldo Allucingoli, Lucius III.
1182 Rebellion in Rome drives Lucius out.
1185 Humbert Crivelli, Urban III. He lives chiefly at Verona. He quarrels with Frederick over several matters.
1187 Death of Urban as he is about to excommunicate Frederick. Albert, cardinal of San Lorenzo, Gregory VIII. He preaches a crusade. He goes to Pisa to settle quarrel between Genoa and Pisa and dies. Paolo Scolari, Clement III.
1188 Clement makes peace with the Roman people.
1191 Giacinto Orsini, Celestine III. Surrender of Tusculum to the Romans.
1194 The pope excommunicates Henry VI for his cruelty to the Sicilians.
1198 Lothario Conti, Innocent III. His pontificate marks the culmination of the papal power. Innocent preaches the Fifth Crusade. He compels the prefect of Rome to swear allegiance to him, thus practically establishing the temporal sovereignty of the pope over Rome. He orders the seneschal Markwald of Anweiler to surrender the march of Ancona. Death of Constanza. Markwald lays claim to the administration of Sicily. Association of Guelfs with papal party.
1199 Conrad of Lutzenberg, count of Spoleto, is forced to return to Germany. The Italian cities welcome Innocent as a deliverer.