1283 The pope offers crown of Aragon to Charles of Valois.
1285 Death of Charles quiets the affairs of Sicily. Giacomo Savelli, Honorius IV.
1287 Honorius prevents ratification of treaty between Aragon and France. Death of Honorius, and owing to disputes, the cardinals fail for ten months to elect a new pope.
1288 Girolamo d’Ascoli, Nicholas IV.
1289 After liberation of Charles the Lame of Naples, the pope absolves him from all conditions, by which he obtains his freedom. The Guelf and Ghibelline contest continues fiercely in the north. Nicholas becomes enslaved to the Colonnas.
1292 Death of Nicholas. The see vacant for over two years.
1294 Election of Pietro di Murrhone, Celestine V, a lowly hermit. The cardinals repent, and compel him to abdicate. Benedict Cajetan, Boniface VIII, elected. He carries the papal pretensions further than any other pope, and prepares the way for the Reformation.
1296 Boniface begins his great struggle with Philip the Fair by issuing a bull excommunicating all princes who tax the clergy. Edward I of England outlaws all the clergy who obey this bull, and Philip retaliates by prohibiting the exportation of gold and silver out of France. Interdiction of Sicily. The Sicilians invade Calabria.
1297 Excommunication of the entire Colonna family because a member of it plundered a papal convoy.
1298 The pope proclaims a crusade against the Colonnas.