1269 Death of Clement. The see is vacant for over two years, owing to discord among the cardinals.
1271 Teobaldo di Visconti, Gregory X. Rudolf of Habsburg acknowledges papal supremacy.
1273 Gregory excommunicates the inhabitants of many north Italian cities for banding against Charles of Anjou.
1274 Fourteenth General Council at Lyons. A new crusade is preached, and a union of the Greek and Latin churches is effected. The union is never fully accepted in the Eastern Empire, and soon falls to pieces.
1276 Death of Gregory. Pietro di Tarantasia, Innocent V, dies in five months. Ottoboni Fiesco, Adrian V, dies in six weeks. Pedro Juliani, John XX or XXI.
1277 Giovani Gaetano, Nicholas III, “Il Comperto.” He belongs to the Orsini family.
1278 Cession of Romagna, the exarchate of Ravenna, and other territory, by Rudolf of Habsburg, to the pope, who acts as ruling sovereign over all his dominions. Nicholas is hostile to Charles. Nepotism practised by Nicholas.
1280 Death of Nicholas in the midst of plans to establish his family in kingdoms in Italy. Discord caused by Charles in the College of Cardinals.
1281 Simon de Brion, Martin IV, elected after six months, through influence of Charles. The pope retires to Orvieto.
1282 Martin excommunicates Pedro of Aragon, who has been declared king of Sicily after the “Sicilian Vespers.”