821 Death of Al-Hakim. His son, Abd ar-Rahman II, succeeds.
823 A band of Cordovan exiles from Alexandria effect the conquest of Crete. The king defeats his great-uncle, Abdallah.
832 Great defeat of the rebellious Toledans.
852 Death of Abd ar-Rahman. His son, Muhammed I, succeeds. The Christian monarchs are acknowledged lords paramount over Castile and Navarre. Revolts continue in many quarters.
862 Muhammed recovers Tudela and Saragossa after death of Musa, the head of the rebellious Beni Casi, but the latter, with the help of Alfonso III of Asturias and Leon, soon expel his soldiers. Ibn Merwan forms an independent state in the west.
886 Death of Muhammed. His son, Mundhir, succeeds.
888 Death of Mundhir. His brother, Abdallah, succeeds.
890 Defeat of Omar b. Hafsan, who for many years has maintained his independence with a large force in an impregnable fortress in Andalusia. Other serious risings in Elvira and Seville take place.
912 Death of Abdallah. His son, Abd ar-Rahman III, succeeds. He is the greatest of the Spanish caliphs, and his reign is the most brilliant period of the kingdom. He encourages the African Moslems to hold out against the Fatimites.