1867 Mazzini urges the Italian people to seize Rome. Garibaldi makes the attempt. He defeats the papal troops at Monte Rotondo. Victor Emmanuel pleads to have his agreement to the September convention respected. The French regarrison Rome. Garibaldi surrenders to the French and papal forces at Mentana, and is arrested by the Italian government.
1870 The French leave Rome at the outbreak of the Franco-Prussian War. Mazzini incites the republicans to seize Rome. He is arrested and imprisoned at Gaeta. The fall of Napoleon III releases Victor Emmanuel from the agreement of the September convention and he enters Rome. The pope appeals in vain to the king of Prussia and retires to the Vatican. The papal territories are annexed, and the unity of Italy is complete.
1871 The capital of Italy transferred to Rome.
1874 The Jesuits are ordered to leave Italy. Garibaldi enters the chamber of deputies and takes the oath of allegiance.
1878 Death of Victor Emmanuel, succeeded by his son Humbert.
1882 Death of Garibaldi.
1885 Italy assumes the government of Massowah.
1887 Formation of the “Triple Alliance” between Italy, Germany, and Austria. War begins in Massowah.
1888 Italy annexes Massowah. War with the Abyssinians begins.