1200 Innocent sends an army to Sicily which defeats Markwald, who has claimed the guardianship of Frederick.
1201 Markwald, regent of Sicily. He dies and is succeeded by Capparone. Sicily continues to be the prey of rebellious nobles and adventurers.
1208 Frederick takes up the reins of government.
1210 The emperor Otto IV threatens to invade Sicily, which he claims as part of the empire.
1211 Innocent excommunicates Otto and offers the crown of Germany to Frederick.
1212 Frederick leaves Sicily to dispute the German crown with Otto. He is crowned king of Germany at Mainz. Civil disorders recommence in Sicily.
1215 Innocent crowns Frederick king of Germany at Aachen.
1220 Frederick crowned emperor at Rome. He returns to Sicily and transfers a large colony of Saracens from the mountains to Nocera.
1231 Frederick has a compilation made of the Norman laws and ordinances.
1233 Frederick revisits Sicily to quell the republican pretensions of the eastern cities.