1811 till Masséna is compelled to retreat, when he is followed by Wellington and defeated at Fuentes de Onoro. Wellington withdraws to Portugal.
1812 Wellington again invades Spain.
1814 End of Peninsular War. England grants Portuguese sufferers £100,000. The Portuguese court remains in Brazil, while Portugal is left in the hands of Beresford and the English. Great discontent excited by the treatment of Portugal as a province of England.
1815 Portuguese monarchy given the title of the United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil, and the Algarves. Patriotic agitations and secret societies formed to restore the Portuguese to their position as a nation.
1816 Maria I dies, and the regent becomes king as João VI.
1817 Monte Video occupied by the Portuguese. General de Andrade’s plot for revolt against the English betrayed and the leaders executed. Revolts in Brazil put down.
1818 Severe edicts against clubs and secret societies in Portugal. The agitation against foreign rule increases.
1820 Beresford goes to Brazil. Rising in Oporto. The English are expelled and a new regency and assembly formed, which abolishes the Inquisition and draws up a constitution, afterwards known as the constitution of 1822, constituting the cortes as one elective chamber.
1821 João VI returns from Brazil. The queen Carlota Joaquina and her second son Dom Miguel become the centre of absolutist reaction and are expelled from Lisbon. Disputes between Portuguese and Brazilian deputies in the cortes.
1822 Brazil secures independence under João’s son Pedro, who is chosen emperor as Pedro I.