Capefigue, B. H. R., Isabelle de Castille, 1869.—Carbajal, L. G. de, Historia de España M. S.; Anales del rey Don Fernando el Católico.—Carvajal, La España de los Bórbones, 1844, 4 vols.—Casado, F. S., Historia de España.—Casas, B. de las, Historia general de las Indias, Madrid, 1875-1876; Brevissima relación de la destrucción de las Indias, Seville, 1552, in Colección de documentos inéditos, vol. 7, Madrid, 1879.
Bartolomé de las Casas or Casaus was of French descent. His father, Francisco Casaus, was in Hispaniola with Columbus in 1493, and returned to Seville with a fortune in 1500. In the same year Bartolomé, who had been born in 1474, went to Salamanca, where he studied jurisprudence. He then went to Hispaniola with the governor, Nicolás Ovando, and in 1510 took holy orders. In 1515 he returned to Spain to protest against the ill treatment of the natives of the West Indies by the Spaniards. Through the influence of Cardinal Ximenes he obtained the nomination of special commissioners to inquire into the abuses of authority. He was himself appointed to act as their adviser. The colonists proved too powerful and the mission failed in its object. Las Casas, expelled from Hispaniola, returned to Spain. After some difficulty he obtained the acceptance of his suggestions for improving the government of the West Indies, the chief of which was the unfortunate one of the substitution of negro for native labour. He returned to America and this time succeeded in obtaining better treatment for the Indians, who were finally declared free by a royal edict of 1543. He died at Madrid in 1569.
Casiri, M., Bibliotheca arabigo-hispana escurialensis, Madrid, 1750-1770, 2 vols.
Michael Casiri was born in Tripoli, Syria, in 1710. By birth he was a Syro-Maronite and his life was chiefly devoted to oriental studies though in 1734 he took holy orders. In 1749 he was appointed librarian of the Escorial. His Bibliotheca consists of extracts from and articles on the Arabian documents in the library of the Escorial.
Castelar, E., Historia del año 1883, Madrid, 1884; Discursos Parlamentarios, Madrid, 1885, 4 vols.
Emilio Castelar y Ripoll, celebrated as orator, writer, and statesman, was born at Cadiz in 1832. He took his degree of doctor of philosophy in his twenty-second year. He was editor of various newspapers in succession and an eloquent exponent of republican ideas which he continued to be after succeeding to the chair of Spanish History in the Universidad Central (1858), till the government forced him to resign. He shared in the revolution of 1866 and was consequently condemned to death. He escaped to Paris, where he remained till the revolution of 1868 made possible his return to Madrid, when he became one of the leaders of the republican party and headed the opposition during the reign of King Amadeo, on whose resignation Castelar attained the chief power under the republic. He governed ably, but his republicanism became suspected, and early in 1874 he was overthrown by a vote of want of confidence. He retired for a time to Paris, but soon returned to Spain and resumed his political career as deputy to the cortes. His numerous works include novels and speeches on various political questions.
Castillo, D. Enriquez de, Crónica del rey Don Henrique el Quarto, Madrid, 1787.—Castro, A. Gómez de, De rebus gestis Francisci Jimenii.—Castro y Rossi, A. de, El conde duque de Olivares y el rey Felipe IV, Cadiz and Madrid, 1846; Historia de los judíos en España, Cadiz and Madrid, 1847; Historia de los protestantes Españoles, Cadiz and Madrid, 1851; Exámen filosófico sobre la decadencia de España. Cadiz and Madrid, 1852.—Cavanilles y Centi, A. C., Historia de España (to the reign of Philip II), Madrid, 1860-1864, 5 vols.—Cespedes y Meneses, G. de, Historia de Don Felipe III, Lisbon, 1631.—Cevallos, P., Exposición de los hechos y maquinaciones que han preparado la usurpación de la corona de España, Madrid, 1808; History of the practices and machinations which led to the usurpation of the crown of Spain, London, 1808.—Chaby, C. de, Excerptos historicos e collecçào de documentos relativos á guerra denomenada da peninsula, Lisbon, 1863.—Châteaubriand, F. R. A. de, Guerre d’Espagne de 1823, Paris, 1838; Le Congrès de Vérone, Paris, 1838, 2 vols—Cherbuliez, V. C., L’Espagne politique, Paris, 1874.—Chronica Albeldensis in Flórez’s España Sagrada.
Chronicon Albeldensis. This is the work of two authors; the first, an anonymous monk of Albelda, wrote in the ninth century. His portion extends from the foundation of Rome to the reign of Alfonso III. The second author was the monk Vigila, of the same monastery, who coming a century later continued the narrative down to the year 976. He is the earliest authority for the history of Navarre.
Chronicon Conimbricense in Flórez’s España Sagrada.—Chronicon Moissacense.—Churton, E., Góngora, an historical and critical essay on the times of Philip III and Philip IV, London, 1862, 2 vols.—Circourt, A. M. J. E., Histoire des Mores Madejares et des Moresques, ou des Arabes d’Espagne sous la domination des chrétiens, Paris, 1845-1848, 3 vols.—Clarke, Letters concerning the state of Spain, London, 1763.—Clarke, H. B., The Cid Campeador and the Waning of the Crescent in the West, New York, 1897, in Heroes of the Nations.—Clemencin, D., Elogio de la reina católica Doña Isabella, in Mem. Academia, 1821.—Clinton, H. R., The War in the Peninsula, London, 1878.—Colección de documentos inéditos para la historia de España por M. Fernandez Navarrete, et al., Madrid, 1842-1895, 112 vols.; vol. 30 contains an index of the volumes preceding.—Colección de documentos inéditos relativos al descubrimiento, conquista y colonizacion de las antiguas posesiones españolas de America y Oceanía, Madrid, 1864-1890, first series, 42 vols. Also Colección de documentos inéditos relativos al descubrimiento, conquista y organizacion de las antiguas posesiones españoles de Ultramar. Second series published by the Royal Academy of History, Madrid, 1885-1900, 13 vols.—Colección de libros españoles raros y curiosos, Madrid, 1871-1892.—Colección legislativa de España, Madrid, 1816 (in progress), 330 vols.—Colmeiro, M., Reyes cristianos desde Alfonso VI hasta Alfonso XI, Madrid, 1893.—Colmenares, D. de, Historia de Segovia y compendio de la historia de Castilla, Segovia, 1637-1847.—Condé, J. A., Historia de la dominación de los Arabes en España, Madrid, 1820-1821, 3 vols.; English translation by Mrs. J. Foster, London, 1860, 3 vols.; History of the Dominion of the Arabs in Spain, London, 1854, 3 vols.