Konstantin Nikelaievitch Bestuzhev-Riumin was born in 1829. From 1865 to 1882 he was a professor at the university of St. Petersburg. Besides the History, he has been the author of a number of monographs. His method is thorough, painstaking, and minute. He insists on a many-sided study of the national life, and of the exclusion of all philosophical or general theories, and devotes much more space to internal than to external history, paying special attention to forms of family life, political organisation, law, religion, and literature. The introductory chapters give a valuable account of the source and authorities of Russian history. At his death, in 1897, he left his History a torso. It was translated into German by Dr. Schiemann (Mitau, 1873-1875).
Beveridge, A. J., The Russian Advance, New York, 1903.—Bigelow, P., The German Emperor and his Eastern Neighbors, New York, 1892.—Bilbassov, V. A., Istorya Ekateriny II (History of Catherine II), London, 1895, 2 vols.—Bilbassov, B., Katherina II, Kaiserin von Russland, im Urtheile der Weltlitteratur. Übersetzt aus dem russischen mit einem Vorwort von T. Schiemann, Berlin, 1897, 2 vols.; Geschichte Katharina II. Übersetzt aus dem russischen von M. von Petzold, Berlin, 1893, 2 vols.—Bodenstedt, F. von, Die Völker des Kaukasus und ihre Freiheitskämpfe gegen die Russen, Berlin, 1855, 2 vols.—Bogdanovitch, M. I., Istorya tsarstvovanya imperatora Alexandra I i Rossii v yevo vremya (History of the reign of Alexander I and of Russia during his time) St. Petersburg, 1869-1871, 6 vols.—Bond, E. A., Russia at the Close of the 16th Century; comprising the treatise “Of the Russ Commonwealth,” by G. Fletcher, and the travels of Sir J. Horsey (Hakluyt Society Publications, vol. 20), London, 1856.—Bookwalter, J. W., Siberia and Central Asia, New York, 1899.—Boulger, D. C., England and Russia in Central Asia, London, 1873, 5 vols.—Brodhead, J. M. N., Slav and Moslem: historical sketches, Charleston, S. C., 1894.—Brooks, C. W. S., Russians of the South, London, 1854.—Browning, O., Charles XII of Sweden, London, 1899.—Brueckner, A. Finanzgeschichtliche Studien: Kupfergeldkrisen, St. Petersburg, 1867; Kulturhistorische Studien: die Russen im Ausland: die Ausländer in Russland im 17. Jahrhundert, Riga, 1878; Ivan Possoschkow: Ideen und Zustände in Russland zur Zeit Peters des Grossen, Leipsic, 1878; Peter der Grosse, in Oncken’s Allgemeine Geschichte in Einzeldarstellungen, Berlin, 1879; Der Zarewitsch Alexei, Heidelberg, 1880; Katharina II, in Oncken’s Weltgeschichte in Einzeldarstelungen, Berlin, 1883; Istorya Yekateriny II (History of Catherine II), St. Petersburg, 1885, 3 vols.; Bilder aus Russlands Vergangenheit, Leipsic, 1887; Beiträge zur Kulturgeschichte Russlands im 17. Jahrhundert, Leipsic, 1887; Die Europäisierung Russlands, Gotha, 1888; Geschichte Russlands: Überblick der Entwicklung bis zum Tode Peters des Grossen, in Geschichte der europäischen Staaten, Gotha, 1896.
Alexander Brueckner was born August 5, 1834, at St. Petersburg. After engaging for six years in business, he turned his attention to the study of history, which he pursued at Heidelberg, Jena, and Berlin. After returning to St. Petersburg he became professor of history at the Imperial School of law, in 1867 professor at the university of Odessa, and in 1872 at Dorpat. Owing to his German origin, he was removed in 1891 from Dorpat and transferred to the university of Kazan, but at his request he was permitted to settle at Jena. Brueckner is, like Schiemann and Eckhardt, a German-Russian, and as such has a special qualification for the presentation of Russian history to a West-European audience. He has written numerous works both in Russian and in German, and takes rank with the foremost historians of Russia.
Brueggen, E. von der, Polens Auflösung, Leipsic, 1878; Wie Russland europäisch wurde, Leipsic, 1885.—Bunge, F. G. von, Geschichtliche Entwicklung der Standesverhältnisse in Livonia, Esthonia, und Kurland bis 1561, Dorpat, 1838; der Orden der Schwertbrüder, Leipsic, 1875.—Burtsev, V., and S. M. Kravtchinski, Za sto lyet (1800-1896). Sbornik po istorii polititcheskikh i obshtchestvennikh dvizhenyi v Rossii (One hundred years. Documents Relating to the History of Political and Social Movements in Russia), London, 1897.—Buturlin, Knyaz D. P., Histoire militaire de la campagne de Russia en 1812, Paris, 1824, 2 vols.
Cary, C., The Trans-Siberian Route, New York, 1902.—Catherine II, empress of Russia, Memoirs of the Empress Catherine II, written by herself, with a preface by A. Herzen, translated from the French, New York, 1859.—Celestin, Fr. J., Russland seit Aufhebung der Leibeigenschaft, Laibach, 1875.—Choiseul-Gouffier, (Tisenhaus), comtesse de, Historical Memoirs of the Emperor Alexander I and the Court of Russia. Translated by M. B. Patterson, Chicago, 1901.—Colquhoun, A. R., Russia against India: The Struggle for Asia, New York, 1900.—Coxe, W., An Account of the Russian Discoveries between Asia and America: added, The Conquest of Siberia, and the history of the transactions and commerce between Russia and China, London, 1803.—Crusenstolpe, M. I. von, Der russische Hof von Peter I bis auf Nikolaus I, Hamburg, 1855-1859.—Curzon, G. N., Russia in Central Asia in 1889 and the Anglo-Russian Question, London, 1889; Persia and the Persian Question, London, 1892; Problems of the Far-East: Japan, Corea, China, London, 1894; The Pamirs and the Source of the Oxus, London, 1896.—Custine, le marquis de, La Russie en 1839, Paris, 1844, 4 vols.
Danilevski, N. Y., Rossiya i Evropa: Vzgliad na kulturnyia i polititcheskyia otnoshenya slavianskavo mira k germano-romanskomu (Russia and Europe: a glance at the cultural and political relations of the Slav world to the German-Romance world), St. Petersburg, 1895.—Day, W. A., The Russian Government in Poland. With a narrative of the Polish insurrection in 1863, London, 1867.—De la Gorce, P., Histoire du second Empire, Paris, 1894, 4 vols.—Delord, T., Histoire du second Empire, Paris, 1868-1875, 6 vols.—Deutsch, L. G., Sixteen Years in Siberia, New York, 1903.—De Windt, H., Finland as It Is, London, 1901.—Drage, G., Russian Affairs, New York, 1904.—Dubrovin, N. F., Pugatchev i yevo soobshtchniki (Pugatchev and his accomplices), St. Petersburg, 1884, 3 vols.; Prisoedinenie Krima k Rossii (The annexation of the Crimea to Russia), St. Petersburg, 1885-1889, 4 vols.—Duggan, S. P. H., The Eastern Question: A Study in Diplomacy (Columbia studies in history, economics, and public law), New York, 1902.
Eckardt, J., Jungrussisch und Altlivländisch. Politische und culturgeschichtliche Aufsätze, Leipsic, 1871; Distinguished persons in Russian society (translated from the Author’s Aus der Petersburger Gesellschaft), London, 1873; Aus der Petersburger Gesellschaft, 5th edition, Leipsic, 1880; Neue Folge, Leipsic, 1881; Von Nikolaus I zu Alexander III, Leipsic, 1881; Russische Wandlungen. Neue Beiträge zur russischen Geschichte von Nikolaus I zu Alexander III, Leipsic, 1882.
Julius von Eckhardt was born August 1, 1836, at Wolmar in Livonia. From 1860 to 1867 he was the secretary of the Evangelical-Lutheran Consistory at Riga, one of the editors of the Riga Zeitung, and an active member of the Liberal-German party in the Baltic provinces of Russia. After the leaders of this party had been removed from their offices on account of their Germanising tendencies, Eckardt emigrated to Germany, where he was active first as a journalist, then as secretary of the Hamburg senate, and finally as German consul at Tunis, Marseilles and Stockholm. Eckardt was the author of numerous works and pamphlets, many of which were published anonymously, on Russian, Baltic, and German affairs. He was less an historian than a publicist and politician; but he had an intimate knowledge of the Russia of his own day, the Russia of Alexander II and Alexander III, and his works are indispensable for an understanding of Russian parties and the vacillations of Russian public opinion. His own point of view is that of a conservative liberal.
Edwards, H. D., Russian Projects against India, London, 1885.—Engelmann, J., Peter der Grosse, seine Jugend und seine Reformen, Dorpat, 1872; Die Leibeigenschaft in Russland, Leipsic, 1884; Das Staatsrecht Russlands, in Marquardsen’s Handbuch des öffentlichen Rechts, vol. 4, Freiburg, 1888.—Engels, F., Die auswärtige Politik des russischen Zarenthums, in Neue Zeit, Stuttgart, 1890.