Favre, L., Histoire de la guerre entre la Russie et la Turquie, Niort, 1879.—Fenton, F. de, La Russie dans l’Asie-Mineure; ou, Campagnes du Maréchal Paskewitch en 1828 et 1829, Paris, 1840.—Ferrand, A. de, Les trois démembrements de la Pologne, Paris, 1865, 3 vols.—Fischer, I. E., Sibirskaya istorya s samavo otkrytya (A history of Siberia from its discovery), St. Petersburg, 1774.—Fisher, J. R., Finland and the Tsars, London, 1899.—Flerovski, N., Tri polititcheskya sistemy: Nikolai I, Alexander II, Alexander III, (Three political systems: Nicholas I, Alexander II, Alexander III), Geneva, 1897, (German translation, Berlin, 1898).—Foster-Fraser, J., The Real Siberia, London, 1902.—Foulke, W. D., Slav or Saxon: A Study of the Growth and Tendencies of Russian Civilisation, New York, 1887.—Fowler, G., History of the War between Turkey and Russia to the End of 1854, London, 1855.—Fraehn, C. M., Ibn Fosslans und anderer Araber Berichte über die Russen älterer Zeit, St. Petersburg, 1823.—Fraser, J. F., The Real Siberia; with an account of a dash through Manchuria, New York, 1902.—Frederica, Sophia Wilhelmina, Princess Royal of Russia, Memoirs, London, 1812, 2 vols.
Galakhov, A. D., Istorya russkoi slovesnosti (History of Russian literature), Moscow, 1894, 2 vols.—Galitsyne, A., Le faux Pierre III, trad. de Pouchkine, Paris, 1858.—George, H. B., Napoleon’s Invasion of Russia, New York, 1899.—Gerebtzov, N. de, Essai sur l’histoire de la civilisation en Russie, Paris, 1858, 2 vols.—Gerrare, W., The Story of Moscow (Mediæval Towns series), London, 1900; Greater Russia, London, 1903.—Gogol, N. V., Home Life in Russia, by a Russian noble; revised by the editor of “Revelations in Siberia,” London, 1854, 2 vols.—Golovin, Knyas I, Russia under the Autocrat Nicholas I, London, 1846, 2 vols.—Gossip, R., History of Russia, London, 1800.—Grigorev, V. V., Rossya i Azya, Sbornik izslyedovanyi i statey po istorii, etnografii i geografii (Russia and Asia. Researches in history, ethnography, and geography), St. Petersburg, 1876.—Grodekov, N. G., A Ride from Samarcand to Herat, translated by C. Marvin, London, 1885.—Gurowski, A., Russia As It Is, New York, 1854.
Hagemeister, I. A., Rozyskanya o finansakh drevney Rossii (Investigations concerning the finances of ancient Russia), St. Petersburg, 1833.—Hakluyt, R., Discovery of Muscovy (Cassel’s Nat. Lib.)—Hamley, E. R., The Story of the Campaign: a complete narrative of the war in southern Russia. Written in a tent in the Crimea, Boston, 1855.—Hanna, H. B., Indian Problems, Westminster, 1895-1896, 3 vols.—Hare, A. J. C., Studies in Russia, London, 1885.—Haumant, E., La guerre du Nord (1655-1660), Paris, 1893.—Haxthausen, A. von, Studien über die inneren Zustände, das Volksleben, und insbesondere die ländlichen Einrichtungen Russlands, Hanover, 1847-1852, 3 vols.; Die Kriegsmacht Russlands, Berlin, 1852; Transcaucasia: sketches of the nations and races between the Black Sea and the Caspian, translated by J. E. Taylor, London, 1854; Tribes of the Caucasus: with an account of Schamyl and the Murids, translated by J. E. Taylor, London, 1855; Transkaukasia, Leipsic, 1856, 2 vols.; The Russian Empire, Its People, Institutions and Resources, translated by R. Farie, London, 1856, 2 vols.; Die ländliche Verfassung Russlands, Leipsic, 1866.
Baron August von Haxthausen was born on his father’s estate near Paderborn in Westphalia, February 3, 1792. He studied in a mining school and took part in the War of Liberation, 1813-1815. His life was mainly devoted to the study of agrarian conditions in eastern Prussia and in Russia. His researches in the latter country were undertaken at the request of Nicholas I, and he is generally regarded as the discoverer of the mir or Russian village community. He died at Hanover, January 1, 1867.
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Ignatovitch, I., Pomyeshtchitchi krestyane nakanune osvobozhdenya (Proprietor’s peasants on the eve of emancipation), in “Russkoe Bogatstvo,” 1900.—Ilovaiski, D. I., Istorya Rossii (History of Russia), Moscow, 1876-1890, 3 vols.; Smutnoe vremya moskocskavo gosudarstva (The Troublous Period in the Muscovite Empire), Moscow, 1894.—Ivanin, M. L., O voyennom iskustvye i zavoevanyakh Mongolo-Tatar i srednyeazyatskikh narodov pri Tchingis Khanye i Tammerlanye, (The Art of War and the Conquests of the Mongol-Tatars and Central-Asian peoples under Jenghiz Khan and Tamerlane), St. Petersburg, 1875.
Jauffret, P. E., Catherine II., et son règne, Paris, 1860.
Kapnist, J., Code d’organisation judiciaire russe, Paris, 1893.—Karamzin, N. M., Istorya gosudarstva rossiiskavo (History of the Russian Empire), St. Petersburg, 1818-1829, 12 vols.
Nikolai Mikhailovitch Karamzin was born December 12, 1765, at the village of Mikhailovka, in the government of Orenburg, and died June 3, 1826, at Tsarskoi Selo. His first literary efforts consisted of translations of essays and poems from foreign languages. In 1789 he undertook a journey to Germany, France, Switzerland and England, the literary result of which was his Letters of a Russian Traveller, elegant, poetical and sentimental. These letters were first published in the Moscow Journal, of which he was the founder, and which he edited in 1791-1792. In the same periodical also appeared some of his original stories, one of which treats of the fall of Novgorod. From 1794 to 1799 he published a number of miscellanies, Aglaia, The Aonides, and the Pantheon, containing original as well as translated matter. In 1802-1803 Karamzin edited the European Messenger, destined to become one of the most important Russian reviews, and of which he was the founder. He then turned to the work of his life, the great History of the Russian Empire, which was to occupy him till his death. In this last enterprise he was aided and encouraged by the emperor Alexander I, who contributed 60,000 rubles to the cost of publication. The history terminates at the accession of Michael Romanov in 1613. Karamzin’s work is the first great Russian history. Its style is elegant and flowing, its erudition large and solid, and it abounds in curious information. It is owing to these qualities that the book still maintains its place, although much of it has by this time become obsolete. The book is especially strong in description of battles and analysis of character. Its spirit is frankly reactionary. The barbarism of early Russia is glossed over by a glittering veil of romanticism, the material, intellectual and moral condition of the Russian people is almost entirely ignored, and the book has been styled the “epic of despotism.” A French translation appeared at Paris in 1819-1820, and a German one at Leipsic in 1820-1833.
Kelly, W. K., History of Russia, London, 1854, 2 vols.—Kennan, G., Tent Life in Siberia, and Adventures Among the Koraks and Other Tribes in Kamtchatka and Northern Asia, New York, 1870; Siberia and the Exile System, New York, 1891, 2 vols.—Kinglake, A. W., The Invasion of the Crimea, London, 1863-1887, 8 vols.—Klaczko, J., Études de diplomatie contemporaine (1861-1864), Paris, 1866; Deux chanceliers (Gortchakov and Bismarck), Paris, 1877.—Kleinschmidt, A., Drei Jahrhunderte russischer Geschichte (1598-1898), Berlin, 1898.—Knorr, E., Die polnischen Aufstände seit 1830, Berlin, 1880.—Kohl, J. G., Russia: Travels, London, 1842.—Kostomarov, N. I., Istoritcheskya monografii i izslyedovanya (Historical Monographs and Researches), St. Petersburg, 1863-1867, 3 vols.; Russkaya istorya v zhiznye opisanyakh yeya glavnyeisliikh dyeiyatelyei (Russian History in the Biographies of its Chief Actors), St. Petersburg, 1892-1896, 4 vols.; Smutnoe vremya moskovskavo gosudarstva v natchalye XVII. stolyetya (The Troublous Period in the Muscovite Empire at the Beginning of the Seventeenth Century), St. Petersburg, 1868; Poslyednie gody ryetchi-pospolitoi (The Last Years of the Polish Republic), St. Petersburg, 1870; Predanya pervonatchalnoi russkoi lyetopisi (The Traditions of the Earliest Russian Chronicles), St. Petersburg, 1881; Bogdan Khmelnitski: istoritcheskaya monografia (Bogdan Khmelnitsky: an Historical Monograph), St. Petersburg, 1884, 3 vols.; Syevernorusskie narodopravstva vo vremya udyelno-vyetchevovo uklada (Popular Rights in Northern Russia During the Period of Appanages and Republics. The History of Novgorod, Pskov, and Vyatka), St. Petersburg, 1886, 2 vols.; Otcherk domashney zhizni i nravov velikorusskavo Naroda v 16. i 17. stolyetii i starinnye zemskie sbory (A Sketch of the Domestic Life and Manners of the Great-Russians in the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries; and the Ancient Provincial Assemblies), St. Petersburg, 1887; Otcherk torgovli moskovskavo gosudarstva v 16. i 17. stolyetyakh (A Sketch of the Commerce of the Muscovite Empire During the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries), St. Petersburg, 1889.