Nikolai Ivanovitch Kostomarov was born May 4th, 1817, at Ostrogosh, in the government of Voronezh. In 1846 he was appointed to a professorship of history in the university of Kiev. Owing to his activity for the reviving of Little Russian literature he was accused of harbouring separatist tendencies, arrested, imprisoned for a whole year, and then banished to Saratov and forbidden to teach or publish his writings. On the accession of Alexander II he was pardoned, and in 1859 he was appointed professor of history at the university of St. Petersburg. But in 1862, when the university was closed in consequence of students’ disorders, he resigned his post, and henceforth devoted himself exclusively to writing. He died at St. Petersburg, April 19th, 1885. His poetical works, which were written in the Little Russian dialect under the nom de plume of Jeremiah Halka, were published collectively at Odessa, 1875. Some of them have been translated into German. As an historian Kostomarov occupies a very high place in Russian literature. His work has assumed the form of monographs, owing to his idea that Russian history cannot be understood without an exhaustive study of the numerous ethnological elements and the separate territorial divisions of which the Russian empire is composed. In his own words, “the Russian empire represents an integration of parts that once led an independent existence, and for a considerable time after unification the life of the parts expressed itself in separate tendencies within the general political structure. To discover and disclose these peculiarities of national life in the divisions that make up the Russian empire, was the problem I set before myself in my historical labours.” The justification of this view lies in the comparative recency of the Russian empire, its weakness in the assumption that the national or provincial character is unchangeable and immobile. Kostomarov had at his command a vigorous, dramatic style and a lively imagination, and his books contributed greatly toward the popularisation of historical studies in Russia: but he was also possessed in a high degree of the critical faculty, and more than one historical legend has been demolished in his pages. His “Russian History in Biographies” was translated into German and published at Leipsic, 1886-1889.
Kovalevski, M., Modern Customs and Ancient Laws of Russia, London, 1891; Le Régime économique de la Russie, Paris, 1896; L’Agriculture en Russie, Paris, 1897; Russian Political Institutions, Chicago, 1902.
Maxim Kovalevski was born at Kharkov in 1851, of a rich and noble family that is remarkable for the number of men—and one woman—of science it has given to Russia. He studied at Berlin, Paris, and London, and in 1877-1887 he was professor of comparative law at the university of Moscow. Owing to his liberal views he was compelled to give up his position. Since then he has settled at Paris, where he has collected a valuable library, and lectured at various seats of learning in Europe and America—Stockholm, Oxford, Brussels, Chicago. He has written numerous and important works on the history of Russia, France, England, the Caucasus, etc., and is a recognised authority in the departments of pre-history, public and private law, and economic history.
Koyalovitch, M. I., Dnyevnik poslyednyavo pokhoda Stefana Batorya na Rossiyu, 1581-1582. Osada Pskova (A diary of the last campaign of Stephen Batory against Russia in 1581-1582. The siege of Pskov), St. Petersburg, 1867; Tchtenya po istorii zapadnoi Rossii (Lectures on the history of Southern Russia), St. Petersburg, 1884.—Kravchinski, S. M., (Stepniak). The Russian Peasantry: Their Origin, Condition, Social Life and Religion, London, 1888, 2 vols.—Kropotkin, P. A., Memoirs of a Revolutionist, Boston, 1899.—Kulish, P. A., Istorya vozsoedinenya Rusi (A history of the unification of Russia), St. Petersburg, 1874.—Kunik, E., Die Berufung der schwedischen Rodsen durch die Finnen und Slawen, St. Petersburg, 1844-1845.—Kuropatkin, Gen. A. N., Les confins anglo-russe, translated by G. Le Marchand, Paris, 1879; Kashgaria, translated by Col. W. E. Gore, Calcutta, 1882; Kritische Rückblicke auf den russisch-türkischen Krieg 1877-1878, Berlin, 1885-1890, 3 vols.
Alexei Nikolaievitch Kuropatkin was born March 29, 1848. In 1866 he joined the army of Turkestan as a lieutenant, served with distinction in the expedition of General Kaufman in 1867-1868, was sent at the head of a diplomatic-military mission to the emir of Kashgar, and studied in 1872-1874 at the academy of the general staff. He joined the French army in Algeria as a volunteer, was active on his return in Turkestan, and then became chief of the Asiatic section of the general staff. In 1877-1878 he was chief of General Skobelev’s staff, under whom he also served in the campaign against the Akhal-Tekke Turkomans, 1880-1881. In 1890 he became a lieutenant-general and governor of the Transcaspian territory, and later minister of war.
He is the author of two important works on the last Russo-Turkish War, which have been translated into French and German, and of a book of travels on Kashgar.
Labensky, A., A Russian’s Reply to the Marquis de Custine’s “Russia in 1839,” London, 1844.—Laferté, V., Alexander II: Détails inédits sur sa vie intime et sa mort, Paris, 1882.—Lamartine, A. de, Histoire de la Russie, Paris, 1855, 2 vols.—Lansdell, H., Russian Central Asia, including Kuldja, Bokhara, Khiva and Merv, Boston, 1885.—Latham, R. G., Native Races of the Russian Empire, London, 1854; Russian and Turk, from a Geographical, Ethnological and Historical Point of View, London, 1878.—Latimer, Mrs. W. E., Russia and Turkey in the Nineteenth Century, Chicago, 1893.—Leger, L., Cyrille et Méthode, étude historique sur la conversion de Slaves au christianisme, Paris, 1868; De Nestore rerum russicarum scriptore, Paris, 1868; Traduction de la chronique de Nestor, Paris, 1884.—Lehmann, C. and Parvus (pseud.), Das hungernde Russland, Stuttgart, 1900.—Lemke, M., Otcherki po istorii tsenzuri (Studies in the History of the Russian Censorship), in “Russkoe Bogatstvo,” 1903.—Leonov, R., Documents secrets de la politique russe en Orient (1888-1890), Berlin, 1893.—Leroy-Beaulieu, A., L’empire des Tsars et les Russes, Paris, 1881-1889, 3 vols.; Un homme d’état russe: Nicolas Milutin, Paris, 1884; La France, La Russie et l’Europe, Paris, 1888; Israël chez les nations, Paris, 1893.
Anatole Leroy-Beaulieu was born in 1842 at Lisieux. Since 1881 he has been professor of modern history at the école libre de sciences politiques in Paris. His chief work, “L’empire des Tsars et les Russes,” is one of the most important works on Russia ever published in western Europe. The first two volumes treat of the geography, ethnology, and the economic and political institutions, while the third is devoted to a study of the Russian church and the sects.
Leroy-Beaulieu, P., The Awakening of the East: Siberia, Japan, China, New York, 1900.—Lestrade, Combes de, La Russie économique et sociale, Paris, 1896.—Lessar, P., La Russie et l’Angleterre dans l’Asie centrale, Paris, 1886.—Lévesque, P. C., Histoire de Russie, Yverdun, 1782, 8 vols., Paris, 1812, 4 vols.—Livov, G., Michel Katkoffet son époque: quelque pages d’histoire contemporaine en Russie (1855-1887), Paris, 1897.—Loris-Melikov, M. T. T., Konstitutsya grafa Lorisa-Melikova (The Constitution of Count Loris-Melikov), London, 1893.—Lyaskoronski, V., Istorya Pereyaslovskoi zemli s drevneyshikh vremyon do polovinny XIII stolyetya (A History of Pereyaslavl from the earliest times to the middle of the thirteenth century), Kiev, 1897.
Maggiolo, A. de, France et Russie; Pozzo di Borgo, 1764-1842, Paris, 1890.—Maltsev, A., Die russische Kirche, Berlin, 1893.—Manstein, Baron de, Memoirs of Russia 1727-1744, translated from the original manuscript, London, 1773.—Martens, F. F., Étude historique sur la politique russe dans la question d’Orient, Gand, 1877; Recueil de traités et conventions conclus par la Russie avec les puissances étrangères, St. Petersburg, 1878-1889, 10 vols.; Russia and England in Central Asia, London, 1879.—Martin, H., Histoire de France depuis 1789 jusqu’à nos jours, Paris, 2nd edition, 1878-1885, 8 vols.—Marvin, C., The Eye Witnesses’ Account of the Disastrous Russian Campaign against the Akhal-Tekke Turkomans, London, 1880; The Russian Advance Towards India: conversations with Skobelev, Ignatiev, and other distinguished Russian generals and statesmen, London, 1882; The Russians at Merv and Herat and their Power of Invading India, London, 1883; The Russians at the Gates of Herat, London and New York, 1885.—Marx, F., The Pacific and the Amoor: Naval, military, and diplomatic operations from 1855 to 1861, London, 1861.—Marx, K., The Eastern Question: a reprint of letters written 1853-1856 dealing with the events of the Crimean War, London, 1897; Secret Diplomatic History of the Eighteenth Century, London, 1899; Lord Palmerston, London, 1899.—Massa, Isaac de Harlem, Histoire des guerres de Moscovie 1601-1611, Brussels, 1876; Skazanya Massy i Herkmana o smutnom vremeni v Rossii (The Accounts of Massa and Herkmann of the Troublous Period in Russia), St. Petersburg, 1874.—Masson, C. F. P., Mémoires secrets sur la Russie pendant les regnes de Catherine II et de Paul I, (in Bibliothèque des mémoires relatifs à l’histoire de France pendant le 18ᵉ siècle, vol. 22), Paris, 1859.—Maxwell, J. S., The Czar, his Court and People, New York, 1849.—Mechlin, R., Das Staatsrecht des Grossfürstenthums Finland, Freiburg, 1889.—Mérimée, P., Les faux Démétrius, Paris, 1852; Épisode de l’histoire de Russie, Paris, 1854; Les cosaques d’autrefois, Paris, 1865; Mélanges historiques et littéraires, Paris, 1867; Portraits historiques et littéraires, Paris, 1874.—Michelin, L. H. S., Finland in the Nineteenth Century, Helsingfors, 1894.—Milukov, P. N., Glavnyia tetchenya russkoi istoritcheskoi mysli (The Main Currents of Russian Historical Thought), Moscow, 1898; Skizzen russischer Kulturgeschichte. Deutsche vom Verfasser durchgesehene Ausgabe von E. Davidson, Leipsic, 1898-1901, 2 vols.