Milukov was born in 1859. From 1886 to 1895 he taught at the university of Moscow. But like so many other Russian professors of history and social science, he came in conflict with the government, and accepted a professorship at the university of Sofia, Bulgaria. He is one of the ablest of the younger generation of Russian historians, his method being the realistic or economic. During several years he was a regular contributor of reviews on Russian literature to the London Athenæum.
Milutin, D. A., Istorya voiny Rossii s Frantsieu v tsarstvovanie imperatora Pavla I v 1799 g. (A History of the War Between Russia and France During the Reign of the Emperor Paul I in the Year 1799), St. Petersburg, 1852-1853, 5 vols.
Dmitri Alexeievitch Milutin was born July 10, 1816, at Moscow. In 1833 he entered the army as lieutenant, then served in the army of the Caucasus, in which he advanced in 1843 to the post of chief of the commissariat department, and in 1856 to that of chief of the general staff. In 1860 he became first adjutant to the war minister, and in 1862 war minister. In this capacity he devoted himself toward reorganising the army on a modern basis, and in 1874 he introduced universal military service. The campaigns of 1877-1878 showed the shortcomings as well as the improvements of the army under his administration. In 1878 the title of count was conferred on him. In 1881 he was dismissed by Alexander III owing to his expressed dissatisfaction with the reactionary, strictly absolutist manifesto of May 11 of that year. He was the author of a number of works on military history and science, and his history of Souvorov’s campaign in Italy appeared in a German translation, at Munich, 1856-1858.
Moltke, H. C. B., The Russians in Bulgaria, in 1828-1829, London, 1854.—Monteith, W., Kars and Erzeroum: with the campaigns of Prince Paskiewitch, London, 1856.—Morane, P., Finlande et Caucase, Paris, 1900.—Morfill, W. R., Russia (Story of the Nations series), New York, 1891; A History of Russia from the Birth of Peter the Great to Nicholas II., New York, 1902.—Motley, J. L., Peter the Great, London, 1887.—Munro, H. H., Rise of the Russian Empire, Boston, 1900.
Nagasee, H., Die Entwicklung der russischen und englischen Politik Persien und Afghanistan betreffend bis 1838, Halle, A. S. 1894.—Nestor, Prepodobnavo Nestora rossiski lyetopisets (Holy Nestor’s Russian Chronicle), St. Petersburg, 1767; La chronique de Nestor, translation by Louis Paris, Paris, 1834, 2 vols.—Neuburger, F., Russland unter Kaiser Alexander III., Berlin, 1895.—Nicolai, on (pseud. of Danielson) Histoire de développment économique de la Russie depuis l’abolition du servage, Paris, 1899; Die Volkswirthschaft in Russland nach der Bauernemancipation. Autorisierte Übersetzung aus dem russischen von Dr. G. Polansky, Munich, 1899.—Nikitin, P., Istorya goroda Smolenska, (History of the City of Smolensk), Moscow, 1848.—Nikitski, A., Otcherk vnutrennei istorii Pskova (Outline of the Internal History of Pskov), St. Petersburg, 1873.—Noble, E., The Russian Revolt: its causes, condition and prospects, Boston, 1885; Russia and the Russians, Boston, 1901.—Norman, H., All the Russias: travels and studies in contemporary European Russia, Finland, Siberia, New York, 1902.—Novikov, Mme. O. K., Skobelev and the Slavonic Cause, London, 1883; Russia and England from 1876 to 1880: a protest and an appeal: with a preface by J. A. Froude, London, 1880.
O’Donovan, E., The Merv Oasis, London, 1882.—Ordega, V., Die Gewerbepolitik Russlands von Peter I bis Katharina II, Tübingen, 1885.—Oxley, T. L., Character and Reign of Alexander II, London, 1881.
Palmer, F. H. E., Russian Life in Town and Country, New York, 1901.—Parmele, M. P., A Short History of Russia. New York, 1900.—Pavlov, N. M., Russkaya istorya ot drevneyskikh vremyon (Russian History from the Earliest Times, 862-1362), Moscow, 1896-1899, 2 vols.—Pekarski, P. P., Nauka i literatura v Rossii pri Petrye Velikom (Science and Literature in Russia at the Time of Peter the Great), St. Petersburg, 1862, 2 vols.—Pember, A., Ivan the Terrible, London, 1895.—Pfuel, E. von, Der Rückzug der Franzosen aus Russland, Berlin, 1867.—Pierling, P., Rome et Démétrius, Paris, 1878; La Sorbonne et la Russie, Paris, 1882; Un Nonce du pape en Moscovie: préliminaires de la trêve de 1582, Paris, 1884; La Saint-Siège, la Pologne et Moscou (1582-1587), Paris, 1885; Bathory et Possevino, Paris, 1887; Papes et Tsars (1547-1597), Paris, 1890; La Russie et l’Orient: marriage d’un Tsar au Vatican, Ivan III et Sophie Paléologue, Paris, 1891; L’Italie et la Russie au XVI siècle, Paris, 1892.—Pingaud, L., Les Français en Russie et les Russes en France, Paris, 1886.—Pogodin, M. P., Izslyedovanya, zamyetchanya i lektsii o russkoi istorii (Researches, Comments and Lectures on Russian History), Moscow, 1846-1857, 7 vols.; Nestor: eine historisch-kritische Untersuchung über den Anfang der russischen Chroniken. Übersetzt von F. Loewe, (Beiträge zur Kenntniss des russischen Reiches, vol. 10), St. Petersburg, 1884.—Popowski, J., The Rival Powers in Central Asia, London, 1893.—Porter, R. K., Narrative of the Campaign in Russia During the Year 1812, London, 1814.—Possevino, A., Antonii Possevini missio moscovitica ex annuis litteris Societatis Jesu excerpta et adnotationibus illustrata curante P. Pierling, Paris, 1882.—Pozzo Di Borgo, Ch., Correspondance diplomatique du comte Pozzo di Borgo, Paris, 1891.—Pyzyrewsky, A., Der polnisch-russische Krieg von 1831, Wien, 1892-1893, 3 vols.
Rafn, K. C., Antiquités Russes, Copenhagen, 1850-1854, 3 vols.—Ralston, W. R. S., The Songs of the Russian People, London, 1872; Russian Folk-tales, London, 1873; Early Russian History, London, 1876.—Rambaud, La Russie épique, Paris, 1876; Souvorof, (conférances de Saint-Cyr), Paris, 1889; Français et Russes, Moscou et Sevastopol, Paris, 1892; L’armée du tsar Alexandre III, in la Revue Bleue, November 10, 1894; Histoire de la Russie, Paris, 1900; The Expansion of Russia: Problems of the East and of the Far East, New York, 1904.
Alfred Nicolas Rambaud was born July 21st, 1842 at Besançon. Appointed in 1864 a teacher at the lyceum of Nancy, he advanced steadily until his appointment to a professorship in the university of Paris in 1882. In 1896 he was minister of education in the Méline cabinet. He is the author of many works on the history of France, and in conjunction with Lavisse he is editing the “Histoire générale du IVᵉ siècle jusqu’à nos jours.” His “History of Russia” is regarded as the best of its kind that has ever been written by a West-European.
Ravenstein, E. G., The Russians on the Amur; its discovery, conquest, and colonisation and personal accounts of Russian travellers, London, 1861.—Rawlinson, H. C., England and Russia in the East; a series of papers on the political and geographical condition of Central Asia, London, 1875.—Reinholdt, A. von, Geschichte der russischen Litteratur von ihren Anfängen bis auf die neueste Zeit, in Geschichte der Weltlitteratur in Einzeldarstellungen, vol. 7, Leipsic, 1886.—Reinsch, P. S., World Politics at the End of the Nineteenth Century, New York, 1900.—Rivière, Ch. de la, Catherine II et la révolution française, Paris, 1895. Rocca, F. de, Les assemblées politiques dans la Russie ancienne, Paris, 1899.—Rozhkov, N., Gorod i derevnia v russkoi istorii: kratki otcherk ekonomitcheskoi istorrii Rossii (City and village in Russian history; a rapid survey of Russian economical history), in “Mir Bozhi,” 1902; Obzor russkoi istorii s sotsiologitcheskoi totchki zryenya. Tchast pervaya: Kievskaya Rus (A survey of Russian history from the sociological point of view. Part first: Kievan Russia), in “Mir Bozhi,” 1903.—Rulhière, C. C. de, Révolution de Pologne, Paris, 1862, 3 vols.