[64] (p. [207]).—Sanson's map of Canada (1656) shows Cap de l'Evesque; and Creuxius's (1660), prom. Episcopi. Bellin's map of the St. Lawrence River (1761) enables us to identify this point as the present Cape Magdalen, or Magdalaine, west of Cape Rosier. Cf. Laverdière's Champlain, p. 116, note; and Champlain (Prince Soc.), vol. i., p. 281, note.
Chat, a corruption of Chaste, the name of Champlain's early patron. Sieur Aymar de Chaste (Chattes, or Chastes), for many years the governor of Dieppe, distinguished both as soldier and sailor, and a personal friend of Henry IV., had formed at Rouen, under a royal commission, a company to prosecute further explorations in Canada. In March, 1603, he sent Pontgravé and Champlain thither, to select a location for the colony he proposed to establish, and to make other preliminary explorations and arrangements; see Laverdière's Champlain, pp. 700-704, and 1090, note. During their absence, De Chaste died (May 13, 1603), and his schemes were soon taken up by De Monts (vol. i., note [2]).—See Faillon's Col. Fr., vol. i., pp. 74-84. An account of De Chaste's voyage to Terceira (whither he was sent in 1583, with a military force by Catherine de Médicis), forms part of Thévenot's Relations de divers Voyages Curieux (Paris, 1596), under the heading "Voyage de la Tercere."
[65] (p. [209]).—Of these five settlements, the first was made in 1535, by Jacques Cartier, at the mouth of the river called by him St. Croix, but afterwards named St. Charles, by the Récollet missionaries, in honor of Charles des Boues, grand vicar of Pontoise.—See Shea's ed. of Le Clercq's Establishment of the Faith (N. Y., 1881), p. 149. Those of De Monts, at St. Croix and Port Royal, have been already described by Lescarbot. In regard to the settlement at Quebec, which the text inadvertently mentions as the third, instead of the fourth, it was on the northern bank of the St. Lawrence, not the southern, as he says here. The fifth, that of St. Sauveur, is fully described in the present volume.
[66] (p. [209]).—Pointe St. Croix, now named Point Platon, about 35 miles above Quebec. A small island, not far from this point, was called Ste. Croix Island, up to 1633; after that time, Richelieu, for the great cardinal. As intimated in the text, there has been a difference of opinion as to the place where Cartier spent the winter of 1535-36. Charlevoix (Shea's ed., vol. i., p. 116), claimed that the point mentioned above (Platon) was the St. Croix of Cartier; but Champlain and other authorities have shown that it was, instead, at St. Charles River. See Laverdière's Champlain, pp. 90-93, and 304-309; also Faillon's Col. Fr. vol. i., pp. 496-499.
[67] (p. [209]).—Named by Cartier (1535), Island of Bacchus, from the profusion of wild grapes found there. Thévet (Gr. Insul.) says it was called by the natives Minigo. Its later name, Isle of Orleans, would seem to have been given by Cartier, during his first sojourn at Quebec. See Laverdière's Champlain, p. 88. Le Jeune (Relation of 1632, post) mentions it as St. Lawrence Island. It is 20 miles long, and six miles in its greatest width.
[68] (p. [211]).—Pierre Coton (also written Cotton) was born in 1564, at Neronde, and belonged to a distinguished family of Forez; became a Jesuit priest, and confessor of Henry IV. (see note [7], ante, and vol. i., note [39]), and afterwards of Louis XIII. This position he resigned about 1618, then spent six years at Rome. Returning to France (1624) as provincial of his order, he died at Paris, March 19, 1626.
[69] (p. [217]).—Institutum, the published collection of the laws regulating the order of Jesuits (official ed., Prague, 1757; new ed., Avignon, 1827-38). For description of this work, see McClintock & Strong's Cyclopædia of Biblical Literature, vol. iv., pp. 865, 866.
[70] (p. [217]).—See vol. i., note [2].
[71] (p. [221]).—De Monts's lieutenant, Pontgravé, who is mentioned by Champlain as Sieur de Pont Gravé, also as Pont. Lescarbot, in Nouv. France, calls the lieutenant "du Pont, surnamed Gravé." He was a merchant of St. Malo, interested with Chauvin in the Canada trade, and an intimate friend of Champlain; he made trading voyages to Canada during some thirty years. Concerning his son, see vol. i., notes [13], [44]. See Dionne's account of Chauvin and his enterprises (Nouv. France, pp. 193-212, 318-328); on p. 198, he cites from Bréard some information regarding Pontgravé's family.
[72] (p. [221]).—Faillon discusses at length the statement of Charlevoix, that Canada was first called New France in 1609; and he brings much evidence, both circumstantial and direct, to show that this appellation was of much earlier date. He considers it highly probable that this name was applied to Canada at least as early as Cartier's first voyage (1534).—See his Col. Fr., vol. i., pp. 511-513. The "Shorte and briefe narration" of Cartier's second voyage, given in Goldsmid's Hakluyt, vol. xiii., p. 146, says: "Here endeth the Relation of Iames Cartiers discouery and Nauigation of the Newfoundlands, by him named New France." Biard says (Relation of 1616, post): "I believe it was Jean Verazan who was godfather to the title of New France."