Campbell, Sir William (1758-1834). Born in Scotland. Enlisted as a private in a Highland regiment; came to America during the Revolutionary War; took part in the battle of Yorktown, 1781; after his release determined to remain in America. Studied law and called to the bar of Nova Scotia; practised his profession for nineteen years; elected to the Assembly of Cape Breton; attorney-general. Appointed to a puisne judgeship in Upper Canada, 1811; chief-justice, 1825; retired, 1829; knighted, 1829. Bib.: Morgan, Cel. Can.; Read, Lives of the Judges.
Camperdown. Bk Naval victory of, 12.
Canada. Discovered by John Cabot in 1497. First settlement made by Jacques Cartier, in 1535, on the banks of the St. Charles. In 1608 Champlain founded the city of Quebec, almost on the spot where Jacques Cartier had wintered; the country ceded to Great Britain by France, by the treaty of Paris, 1763; civil government provided by Quebec Act, 1774; and a measure of responsible government by the Constitutional Act, 1791; invasion by Americans, 1775-1776; War of 1812; Rebellions of 1837-1838, in Upper and Lower Canada; union of Upper and Lower Canada, 1841; Confederation of Canada, New Brunswick, and Nova Scotia, 1867; Manitoba added to the Dominion, 1870; British Columbia, 1871; Prince Edward Island, 1873; provinces of Saskatchewan and Alberta created, 1905. Index: Dr Surrender of, 2; under military rule till conclusion of peace, 2; acquisition of, by Britain, hastened American Revolution, 3; ceded by treaty of Paris to Great Britain, 7; its wide extent at that time, 8; French population of, at cession, 9; English-speaking population, 9; petition for restoration of its ancient limits, 61; division of, into two provinces proposed, 248; political possibilities after conquest, 253-257; boundaries of, not defined by Constitutional Act, 260. B Party government—origin of the double ministries, 81-82; election frauds in 1857, 99-100; process of expansion—Confederation and after, 264. E First railway in, 99; early political conditions in, 17-40; difficulties connected with responsible government in, 26; principles of responsible government, 228; her political system contrasted with that of United States, 241 et seq. WM Interests French commanders and their men but little, 11; its vulnerable points, 17; its strong social and political organization gave it an advantage in war, 24; but was unfavourable to internal development, 24. Sy Rapid progress made in Anglicizing previous to passing of Quebec Act, 63; unfortunate change of policy regarding, 64. F Population of, 36, 55, 58, 131, 147, 148; poverty of impresses Sister Bourgeoys, 39; morals of the people, 58, 59; overgoverned, 131; trade, 148; affected by all the vicissitudes of mother country, 150, 151; "farmers" of revenue appointed for, 154; Bishop St. Vallier's first description of country and inhabitants, 192; Governor Denonville's description, 192; St. Vallier's revised opinion, 193; real character of the people, 193-195; state of depression throughout the country, 219, 240; drinking habits of people, 223; described by Laval as the country of miracles, 301; exhaustion of, after departure of New England fleet, 305, 317. See also New France; Cartier, Jacques; Cabot, John; Champlain; Quebec Act; Constitutional Act; Union Act; Upper Canada; Lower Canada; Confederation.
Canada Act. See Constitutional Act.
Canada Company. Founded in London, 1824, by John Gait, as a colonizing scheme. A large tract of land was purchased in what is now western Ontario. Dunlop, Talbot, Strickland, and other pioneers of Upper Canada were associated with Gait in the enterprise. The company is still in existence. Index: E An agency in settlement of Upper Canada, 145; its unpopularity, 145. R Offers to buy Clergy Reserves, 50. B Recommends whiskey to intending immigrants, 75. See also Galt, John; Dunlop, William; Talbot, Thomas. Bib.: Lizars, In the Days of the Canada Company; Strickland, Twenty-seven Years in Canada West; Galt, Autobiography; Jameson, Winter Sketches; Talbot, Six Years in the Canadas; McTaggart, Three Years in Upper Canada; Dunlop, The Backwoodsman.
Canada Corn Act, 1843. C Builds up flour industry in Canada, 43.
Canada First Association. B Platform, 235; criticized by the Globe, 236; suspected of aiming at national independence, 237; Goldwin Smith, leader of party, attacked by Globe, 237; his reply, 238; spirit of the movement, 239; its effect, 240-241; Liberal party injured by hostility to movement, 240-242. Md Formed in Toronto, 1870, 226; its policy, 226. Bib.: Dent, Last Forty Years; Canada First: A Memorial of the Late William A. Foster; Denison, The Struggle for Imperial Unity.
Canada Trade Act. Passed by Imperial Parliament in 1822, with the object of correcting the injustice to Upper Canada in the apportionment of duties collected. The Quebec Legislature had refused to re-enact the old Acts apportioning a share of duties to Upper Canada, and these Acts were now made permanent. Lower Canada was debarred from imposing new duties on imports by sea without the consent of Upper Canada and the approval of the Imperial Parliament. Bib.: Kingsford, History of Canada.
Canadian Alliance Society. Mc Founded, December, 1834, 258; its objects, 258. BL Founded at York, 16; its political programme, 16.
Canadian Contingents in the Boer War (1899-1902). Consisted of the Royal Canadian Infantry, Canadian Mounted Rifles, Royal Canadian Artillery, and Strathcona's Horse. The first contingent, which sailed for South Africa from Quebec, Oct. 30, 1899, numbered 1141. The second contingent, which sailed from Halifax in January and February, 1900, mustered 1320. These two contingents comprised the official Canadian contribution to the British forces in the war, but Lord Strathcona also raised a contingent at his own expense. This contingent, known as Strathcona's Horse, sailed from Halifax in March, 1900, the force numbering 540 officers and men, and 599 horses. Over 3000 Canadians therefore took part in the war against the Boers. Throughout the operations in South Africa, the Canadians signally distinguished themselves, particularly at the battle of Paardeberg on Feb. 27, 1900, when with the Gordon Highlanders and the Shropshires they led the final attack on Cronje's position. Bib.: Evans, The Canadian Contingents; Marquis, Canada's Sons on Kopje and Veldt; Doyle, The Great Boer War.