Canadian Freeman. Mc Newspaper, published by Collins, in 1825, 111.
Canadian Institute. Founded at Toronto, June 20, 1849, by Sandford Fleming, and Kivas Tully, with several other surveyors, civil engineers, and architects practising in and about Toronto. A royal charter was granted Nov. 4, 1851, in which the objects of the society are declared to be "the encouragement and general advancement of the physical sciences, the arts and the manufactures," etc. Among the early presidents were Sir W. E. Logan, Sir Henry Lefroy, Sir John Beverley Robinson, George W. Allan, W. H. Draper, Sir Daniel Wilson, and Sir Oliver Mowat. The publications of the Institute began with the Canadian Journal, 1852, and have been continued, as Proceedings, Transactions, etc., to the present time. Bib.: The Canadian Journal, 1852-1878; Proceedings, 1879-1890; Transactions, 1890- . A semi-centennial memorial volume, published 1899, contains Early Days of the Canadian Institute by Sir Sandford Fleming.
Canadian Magazines. Among the earliest magazines published in what is now Canada were the Nova Scotia Magazine, Halifax, 1789; the Quebec Magazine, Quebec, 1791-1793; L'Abeille Canadienne, Quebec, 1818-1819; the Canadian Review, 1824-1826; the Bibliothéque Canadienne, Montreal, 1825; Literary Garland, Montreal, 1838; Acadian Magazine, Halifax, 1826; and the Revue Canadienne, 1845. There have been several periodicals bearing the name of Canadian Magazine, the earliest published at Montreal in 1823; a second published at Toronto in 1833; another at Toronto, 1871; and the present periodical of the same name, which dates from 1893. Of the earlier magazines, the Literary Garland and the Revue Canadienne alone lived for any considerable time, the former having been published for over thirteen years, and the latter still survives. Bib.: Hopkins, Canada: An Ency., vol. 5.
Canadian Northern Railway. The first link in this transcontinental railway dates back to 1896, when construction was commenced on the line from Gladstone towards Lake Winnipegosis. Since then the system has been extended east and west, and within a few years will reach from the Atlantic to the Pacific, with numerous branches. Bib.: Historical Sketch of the Canadian Northern Railway in Canadian Annual Review, 1906.
Canadian Pacific Railway. The contract for construction of the railway was signed Oct. 21, 1880, the surveys having already been carried out under the direction of Sandford Fleming. Work was begun on the railway in May, 1881, and the last spike driven by Sir Donald A. Smith (now Lord Strathcona), Nov. 7, 1885. A summary of the evolution of the project will be found in Johnson's First Things in Canada. Index: Md Compact with British Columbia for its construction, 150; the Pacific Scandal, 200-211; difficulties of construction, 232; terms of agreement, 233; Mackenzie government adopts policy of government ownership, 233; Macdonald, on his return to power, reverts to original scheme, 234; contract signed September, 1880, and railway completed in five years, 234; Mackenzie's views as to time needed for completion, 234-235; Blake attacks railway policy, 235; Globe criticizes, and British financiers pessimistic, 235; directors of the syndicate, 236; terms of contract, 236; Howland syndicate, 237; financial difficulties, 237; last spike driven at Craigellachie, Nov. 7, 1885, 238; problems of operation, 238; what the great enterprise means to Canada, 238-239; its military value, 239; conflict with Manitoba as to its monopoly of transportation, 284-285; its effect on Macdonald government, 301. C First charter engineered by Cartier, 51; the railway the crowning work of Confederation, 51; its eastern terminus, 52; the Allan Company and the MacPherson Syndicate, 53; the Pacific Scandal, 53-54; bill in Parliament, 131. B Its building approved by country as a measure of national growth and expansion, 241. D Revolutionizes old conditions of trade in British Columbia, 265; Imperial government asked to guarantee its completion, 315; delays in building, 317, 323; movement for a transcontinental railway, 317-318; negotiations, 318-320; Pacific Scandal, 321; Carnarvon Terms, 320-322; building operations, 324-326; completion, 1885, 326; terminus, 327. Bib.: Hopkins, Canada: An Ency., vol. 2; Parkin, The Great Dominion; Begg, History of the North-West; Fleming, Reports on Canadian Pacific Railway, 1874, 1877, 1878, 1879, 1880.
Canadian Sharpshooters. WM In battle of Ste. Foy, 259, 263.
Canadien. Bk Newspaper founded in 1806, appealed to race prejudices, 92; claimed unconstitutional power for Legislative Assembly, 92, 93; on the rights of Parliament, 116; seized and temporarily suppressed by Governor Craig, 127; seizure not approved by British authorities, 147. Bib.: Dionne, Pierre Bédard et Son Temps (R. S. C., 1898).
Canals. The earliest canal in Canada and in North America was that at Lachine, which dates back to the beginning of the eighteenth century. Between 1779 and 1783, lock canals were built by the Royal Engineers, at the Coteau and the Cascades, on the St. Lawrence. In 1798 a boat canal was built at Sault Ste. Marie by the North West Company. A canal to connect the St. Lawrence and Lake Champlain was advocated as early as 1775, by Silas Deane of Connecticut, but was not actually undertaken until 1831. The Welland Canal was commenced in 1824; and the Rideau Canal two years later. These artificial waterways of Canada are controlled by the Department of Railways and Canals, of the Dominion government. Index: Bk First in American continent made in Canada, 48. BL Construction and improvement of, provided for by government in 1841, 98; completion of St. Lawrence canals, 286-287. B Improvement of, advocated by George Brown, 61; extension of, approved by Quebec Conference, 166; enlargement of, suggested by Fish, United States secretary of state, in 1874, 227. S Four made at different points on St. Lawrence, 112. P Opposed by Papineau, 172. See also Waterways; and under names of individual canals, as Lachine; Rideau; Welland, etc. Bib.: Keefer, Canals of Canada (R. S. C., 1893); Waterways of Canada (Women's Can. Hist. Soc. of Ottawa, Trans., vol. 2); Kingsford, Canadian Canals; Report of Royal Commission on Canals, 1871; Annual Reports on Railways and Canals, Ottawa.
Cânanée. Ch Famous French seaman, joins Champlain at Gaspé, 141; the Turks capture his ship, the Ste. Madeleine, on the coast of Bretagne, and put him to death, 141.
Canard River. A small stream in Essex County, Ontario, falling into the Detroit River. Index: Bk Americans repulsed at, in War of 1812, 237.