Genitive.Dative.Ablative.Locative.
Gujaratinōnēthīmẫ
Rajasthanirō, kōnai, rai, kaisũmaī

The suffix nō of the genitive is believed to be a contraction of taṇō, which is found in old Gujarati poetry, and which, under the form tanas in Sanskrit and taṇaü in Apabhraṁśa, mean “belonging to.” It is an adjective, and agrees in gender, number and case with the thing possessed. Thus, rājā-nō dikarō, the king’s son; rājā-nī dikarī, the king’s daughter; rājā-nũ ghar, the king’s house; rājā-nā dikarā-nē, to the king’s son (nā is in the oblique case masculine to agree with dikarā); rājā-nē gharē, in the king’s house. The rō and kō of R. are similarly treated, but, of course, have no neuter. The dative postpositions are simply locatives of the genitive ones, as in all modern Indo-Aryan languages (see [Hindostani]). Thī, the postposition of the G. ablative, is connected with thawũ, to be, one of the verbs substantive in that language. The ablative suffix is made in this way in many modern Indo-Aryan languages (e.g. Bengali, q.v.). It means literally “having been” and is to be ultimately referred to the Sanskrit root, sthā, stand. The derivation of the other postpositions is discussed in the article [Hindostani].

Strong adjectives agree with the nouns they qualify in gender, number and case, as in the examples of the genitive above. Weak adjectives are immutable.

Pronouns closely agree with those found in Hindostani. In the table on following page we give the first two personal pronouns, and the demonstrative pronoun “this.”

Similarly are formed the remaining pronouns, viz. G. ā, R. ũ, he, that; G. tē, R. sō (obl. sing. tĩ), that; G. jē, R. jō, who; G. kảṇ (obl. kảṇ, kō, or kē), R. kuṇ (obl. kuṇ), who?; G. śũ, R. kẵĩ, what?; G., R. kōī, anyone, someone, kāĩ anything, something. G. has two other demonstratives, pēlō and ōlyō, both meaning “that.” The derivation of these and of śũ has been discussed without any decisive result. The rest are explained in the article [Hindostani]. The reflexive pronoun is G. āpaṇē, R. āpẫ. It is generally employed as a plural of the first personal pronoun including the person addressed; thus G. āpaṇē, we (including you), but amē, we (excluding you). In G. pōtē, obl. pōtā, is used to mean “self.”

Apabhraṁśa. Gujarati. Rajasthani.
i Nom. haũ hũ hũ, mhũ, maī
Obl. maĩ, mahu, majjhu ma, maj ma, mha, mũ
my mahāraü mārō mārō, mhārō
we Nom. amhē amē mhē
Obl. amhahã am-ō mhẫ
our amhāraü amārō mhẫ-rō, mhẫ-kō
thou Nom. tuhũ tũ tũ
Obl. taĩ, tuha, tujjhu ta, tuj ta, tha, tũ
thy tuhāraü tārō thārō
you Nom. tumhē tamē thē, tamē
Obl. tumhahã tam-ō thẫ, tamẫ
your tumhāraü tamārō thẫ-rō, thẫ-kō
this, he Nom. ēho ē yō
Obl. (?) ēhaha, imaha ē ĩ
these, they Nom. ēi ē-ō ē, yē
Obl. ēammi, ēhāṇa em iṇẫ, yẫ.

Conjugation.—The old present has survived as in Hindostani and other Indian languages. Taking the base call or caḷ, go, as our model, we have:

Apabhraṁśa. Gujarati. Rajasthani.
Sing. 1 callaũ cālũ caḷũ
2 callahi cālē caḷai
3 callai cālē caḷai
Plur. 1 callahũ cālīē caḷẫ
2 callahu cālō caḷō
3 callahĩ cālē caḷai

The derivation of the G. 1 plural is unknown. That of the other G. and R. forms is manifest. The imperative closely follows this, but as usual has no termination in the second person singular.

In R. the future may be formed by adding gō (cf. Hindostani gā), lō, or lā to the old present. Thus, caḷũ-gō, caḷũ-lo or calũ-lā I shall go. The gō and lō agree in gender and number with the subject, but lā is immutable. The termination with l is also found in Bhojpuri (see [Bihari]), in Marathi and in Nepali. For gō see [Hindostani]. Another form of the future has s or h for its characteristic letter, and is the only one employed in G. Thus, Ap. callisaũ or callihaũ, G. cālīś, R. (Jaipuri) caḷasyũ, (Marwari) caḷahũ. The other personal terminations differ considerably from those of the old present, and closely follow Ap. Thus, Ap. 3 sing. callisai or callihi, G. cālaśē, Marwari caḷahī.