Pennsylvania, area 46,000, population in 1790, 434,373; in 1860, 2,900,115. Products of 1859, $399,600,000, per capita, $138, profit on capital, 22 per cent. Value of farm lands per acre, $38.91. Railroads, 2,690 miles, costing $147,483,410. Canals, 1,259 miles, costing $42,015,000. Tonnage built in 1860, 21,615 tons. Bank capital, $25,565,582. Exports and imports, $20,262,608, Copies of press circulated in 1860,116,094,480. Pupils at public schools, 413,706. Volumes in public libraries, 363,400. Value of churches, $11,853,291.
| Illinois.—Free State. | Missouri.—Slave State. |
|---|
| Area, 55,405 square miles | 67,380 square miles. |
| Population, 1810, 12,282 | 20,845. |
| Population, 1860, 1,711,951 | 1,182,012. |
| Ratio of increase from 1810 to 1860, 13,838 per ct. | 5,570. |
| Railroads in operation in 1860, 2,868 miles | 817 miles. |
| Ditto, 1st of January, 1864, 3,080 miles | 914 miles. |
| Value of farm lands, 1860, $432,531,072 | $230,632,126. |
| Canals, 102 miles | none. |
| Ratio of increased value of property from 1850 to 1860, 458 per cent. | 265 per cent. |
| At same ratio from 1860 to 1870, as from
1850 to 1860, total wealth in 1870 would be $3,993,000,000 | $1,329,000,000. |
| | |
| Rhode Island.—Free State. | Delaware.—Slave State. |
| Area, 1,306 square miles | 2,120 square miles. |
| Population in 1792, 69,110 | 59,096. |
| Population in 1860, 174,520 | 112,216. |
| Product in 1859, $52,400,000 | $16,100,000. |
| Value of property in 1860, $135,000,000 | $46,242,181. |
| Bank capital, $20,865,569 | $1,640,675. |
| Copies of press issued in 1860, 5,289,280 | 1,010,776. |
| Pupils at public schools, 23,130 | 8,970. |
| Volumes in public libraries, 104,342 | 17,950. |
| Pupils at colleges and academies, 3,664 | 764. |
| Percentage of native free adults who cannot read or write, 1.49 | 23.03. |
| Value of churches, $1,293,700 | $340,345. |
| | |
| New Jersey.—Free State. | South Carolina.—Slave State. |
| Area, 8,320 square miles | 24,500 square miles. |
| Population in 1790, 184,139 | 249,073. |
| Population in 1860, 672,035 | 703,708. |
| Ratio of increase from 1790 to 1860, 265 per cent. | 182 per cent. |
| Population per square mile in 1860, 80.77 | 28.72. |
| Increase of population per square mile from 1790 to 1860, 58.64 per cent. | 18.55 per cent. |
| Population in 1860, remaining the same per square mile, if area equal to that of South
Carolina, 1,978,650. | Population in 1860, remaining the same per square mile,
area equal to that of New Jersey, 238,950. |
| Product of 1859, $167,398,003 | $46,445,782. |
| Per capita, $249 | $66. |
| Farm lands, 1860, improved and unimproved acres, 2,983,531 | 15,595,860. |
| Value in 1860, $180,250,338 | $139,652,508. |
| Agricultural products of 1860, $86,398,000 | $39,645,728. |
| Agricultural products of 1860, $86,398,000 | $39,645,728. |
| Product per acre, $28.96 | $2.54. |
| Improved lands, 1,944,445 acres | 4,572,060 acres. |
| Product per acre, $44.43 | $8.67. |
| Value of farm lands per acre, $60.42 | $8.95. |
| Value of farm lands per acre, $60.42 | $8.95.
Value of farm lands, if worth as much per acre as those of New Jersey, $942,660,377. |
| Copies of press issued in 1860, 12,801,412 | 3,654,840. |
| Percentage of native free adults who cannot read or write, 5.10 | 12.73. |
| Percentage of native white children at school, 80.56. | 26.025. |
| Pupils at colleges, academies, and public schools, 88,244 | 26.025. |
| Value of churches, $3,712,863 | $2,181,476. |
| | |
| Michigan.—Free State. | Florida.—Slave State. |
| Area, 56,243 square miles | 59,268 square miles. |
| Population, 1810, 4,762 | 16,989, Spanish. |
| Population, 1820, 8,765 | 23,801, Spanish. |
| Population, 1830, 31,639 | 34,730, Spanish. |
| Population, 1860, 749,113 | 140,425, Spanish. |
| Population per square mile in 1810, 0.08 | 0.28. |
| Population per square mile in 1820, 0.15 | 0.38. |
| Population per square mile in 1830, 0.56 | 0.58. |
| Population per square mile in 1860, 13.32 | 2.37 |
| Absolute increase of population from 1830 to 1860, 717,474 | 105,695. |
| Relative rank in 1830, 25 | 26. |
| Relative rank in 1860, 16 | 31. |
| Absolute increase of population from 1850 to 1860 per square mile, 6.25 | 0.89. |
| Value of total product of 1859, $99,200,000 | $12,300,000. |
| Of agriculture alone, $64,000,000 | $9,600,000. |
| Total product per capita, $132.04 | $87.59. |
| Farm lands improved and unimproved in 1860, 6,931,442 acres | 2,849,572 acres. |
| Improved farm lands, 1860, 3,419,861 acres | 676,464 acres. |
| Value of lands improved and unimproved in 1860, $163,279,087 | $16,371,684. |
| Product per acre, $9.23 | $3.01. |
| Product of improved land, $18.71 | $14.18. |
| Value of farm lands, 1860, per acre, $23.55 | $5.74. |
| | Value of farm lands of Florida, if worth as much per acre as those of Michigan, $67,105,222.
Product of Florida lands, if equal per acre to those of Michigan, in 1859, $26,300,549. |
| Copies of press issued in 1860, 11,606,596 | 1,081,601. |
| Percentage of native free adults, who cannot read or write, 2.84 | 9.18. |
| Public libraries, 107,943 volumes | 2,660 volumes. |
| Pupils in public schools, academies, and colleges, 112,382 | 3,129. |
| Percentage of native white children at school, 99.53 | 35.77. |
| | |
| Wisconsin.—Free State. | Texas.—Slave State. |
| Area, 53,924 square miles | 274,356 square miles. |
| Population in 1840, 30,749 | 80,983. (Republic.) |
| Population in 1860, 775,881 | 604,215. |
| Population per square mile in 1840, 0.57 | 0.29. |
| Population per square mile in 1860, 8.99 | 2.20. |
| Increase per square mile from 1840 to 1860, 8.42. | 1.91. |
| Absolute increase of population from 1850 to 1860 per square mile, 8.99 | 1.41. |
| Value of total product of 1859, $101,375,000 | $52,749,000. |
| Of agriculture alone, $72,875,000 | $46,499,000. |
| Total product per capita, $130.39 | $87.30. |
| Farm lands improved and unimproved, 7,899,170 acres | 23,245,433 acres. |
| Improved farm lands, 1860, 3,746,036 acres | 2,649,207 acres. |
| Value of lands improved and unimproved in 1860, $131,117,082 | $104,007,689. |
| Product per acre of improved and unimproved lands in 1859, $9.22 | $2.00. |
| Product per acre of improved lands in 1859, $19.45 | $17.56. |
| Value of farm lands per acre, $16.59 | $4.47. |
| | Value of farm lands of Texas, if worth as much per acre as those of Wisconsin, $385,641,733.
Product of Texas lands in 1859, if equal per acre to those of Wisconsin, $214,212,892. |
| Copies of press issued in 1860, 10,798,670 | 7,855,808. |
| Percentage of native free adults who cannot read or write, 1.04 | 11.84. |
| Public libraries, 21,020 volumes | 4,230 volumes. |
| Pupils in colleges and public schools, 61,615 | 11,500. |
| Percentage of native white children at school, 74.90 | 45.82. |
| | |
| Indiana.—Free State. | Tennessee.—Slave State. |
| Area, 33,809 square miles | 45,600 square miles. |
| Population, 1790, none | 35,791. |
| Population, 1800, 4,875 | 105,602. |
| Population, 1860, 1,350,428 | 1,109,801. |
| Product of 1859, $175,690,628 | $99,894,070. |
| Agricultural, $132,440,682 | $82,792,070. |
| Total product, per capita, $130.10 | $90.01. |
| Product of agriculture, per capita, $90.68 | $74.60. |
| Population per square mile in 1800, 0.14 | 2.31. |
| Population per square mile, 1860, 39.63 | 24.34. |
| Absolute increase of population, from 1850 to 1860, per square mile, 10.72 | 2.35. |
| Relative rank in 1800, 20 | 15. |
| Relative rank in 1860, 6 | 10. |
| Farm lands improved and unimproved, 16,315,776 acres | 20,355,934 acres. |
| Improved do., 8,161,717 acres | 6,897,974 acres. |
| Value of farm lands, $344,903,776 | $272,555,054. |
| Ditto, per acre, $21.13 | $13.39. |
| Value of product per acre of improved and unimproved farm lands, $8.17 | $4.06. |
| Ditto, of Improved farm lands, $16.26 | $12. |
| Volumes in public libraries, 68,403 | 22,896. |
| Pupils at public schools and colleges, 168,754 | 115,750. |
| | |
| Free States of 1790. | Slave States of 1790. |
| Namely: Massachusetts (then including Maine), Rhode Island, Connecticut, New Hampshire, Vermont, New York, New Jersey, and Pennsylvania. | Namely: Delaware, Maryland, Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, Georgia, Kentucky, and Tennessee. |
| Area, 169,668 square miles | 300,580 square miles. |
| Population in 1790, 1,968,459 | 1,961,372. |
| Population in 1860, 10,594,168 | 7,414,684. |
| Population per square mile in 1790, 11.60 | 6.50. |
| Population per square mile in 1860, 62.44 | 24.66. |
| Increase of population per square mile, from 1790 to 1860, 50.84 | 18.14. |
| | |
| Free States of 1860. | Slave States of 1860. |
| Area, 835,631 square miles | 888,591 square miles. |
| Farm lands, 161,462,000 acres | 248,721,062 acres. |
| Value, $4,067,947,286 | $2,570,466,935. |
| Value per acre, $25.19 | $10.46. |
| Total product of 1859, namely: of agriculture, manufactures, mines, and fisheries, $4,150,000,000 | $1,140,000,000. |
| Per capita, $217 | $93. |
| Copies of press issued in 1860, 760,034,360 | 167,917,188. |
| By Table 157 (Census of 1850), ratio of native white adults who cannot read or write, 4.12 per cent. | 17.23 per cent. (more than 4 to 1). |
| Same Tables for Census of 1860, partially estimated, 3.21 per cent | 17.03 percent. (more than 5 to 1). |
| | Whole additional value of all the Slave States, whether farm lands or unoccupied, if worth as much per acre as those of the Free States, $5,859,246,616.
Total value of products of the Slave States in 1859, if equal per capita to those of the Free States, $2,653,631,032.
Deduct actual products of 1859, $1,140,000,000.
Absolute increase of 1859, if Free States $1,513,631,032.
That is, the additional value of the actual products of the Slave States, caused by emancipation, $1,513,631,032. |
| Total value of all the property, real and personal, of the Free States in 1860, $10,852,081,081. | Ditto, of all the Slave States, including slaves, $5,225,307,034. |
| Annual gross profit of capital, 39 per cent. | 22 per cent. |
| | If we could add the annual earnings of commerce (not included in the Census Tables), the yearly product
of the Free States per capita would be almost triple that of the Slave States, the commerce of New York alone being nearly equal to that of the entire South. |
| Total agricultural product of Free States in 1859, $2,527,676,000 | $862,324,000 (Slave States). |
| Agricultural product of Free States per capita in 1859, $131.48 | Ditto of Slave States per capita in 1859, $70.56 |
| Ditto, per acre in 1859, improved and unimproved lands, $15.65 | $3.58 |
| Ditto, per acre, improved lands, $28.68 | $11.55 |
It is thus demonstrated by the official statistics of the Census of the United States, from 1790 to 1860, that the total annual product of the Free States per capita exceeds that of the Slave States, largely more than two to one, and, including commerce, very nearly three to one. As regards education, also, we see that the ratio in favor of the Free States is more than four to one in 1850 (4.12 to 17.23), and, in 1860, more than five to one (3.21 to 17.03). And even as regards agricultural products, we have seen that those of the Free States were $2,527,676,000 per annum, and of the Slave States only $862,324,000. The value of the lands of the Free States was $25.19 per acre, of the Slave States only $10.46 per acre; the product of the improved lands of the Free States was $26.68 per acre and of the Slave States $11.55, while, per capita, the result was $131.48 to $70.56.
These facts prove how much greater the crops of the Slave States would be, if their farms (including cotton) were cultivated by free labor. It is also thus demonstrated how completely the fertile lands of the South are exhausted and reduced in value by slave culture. Having thus proved, deductively, the ruinous effects of slavery, I will proceed, in my next letter, inductively, to exhibit the causes which have produced these remarkable results.
R. J. Walker.
The day wore quietly on, like any other day; for the confusion and turmoil of the ovation were already a half-forgotten thing of the past, and Rome had again subsided into its usual course: in the earlier hours, a city of well-filled streets, astir and vocal with active and vigorous trade and labor; then—as the noontide sun shed from the brazen sky a molten glow, that fell like fire upon the lava pavement, and glanced from polished walls until the whole atmosphere seemed like a furnace—a city seemingly deserted, except by a few slaves, engaged in removing the triumphal arches hung with faded and lifeless flowers, and by a soldier here and there in glistening armor, keeping a lonely watch; and again—as the sun sank toward the west, and, with the lengthening shadows, the intensity of the heat diminished—a city flooded with wealth and fashion, pouring in confused streams hither and thither, through its broadest avenues and forums—groups of idlers sauntering along to watch the inoccupation of others, and with the prospective bath as the pretence for the stroll—matrons and maidens of high degree, with attendants following them—a rattle of gayly caparisoned chariots, with footmen trotting beside the wheels—guards on horseback—detachments of prætorian soldiers passing up and down—here the car of a senator of the broad purple—there the mounted escort of a Syrian governor—all that could speak of magnificence, wealth, and authority, at that hour thronged the pavement.