[15] Ballagh, Hist. of Slavery in Va., p. 39.
[16] Ibid., pp. 57-58.
[17] Stroud, Laws Relating to Slavery, pp. 8-9; Turner, The Negro in Penn., pp. 24-25, 92; Moore, Notes on the Hist. of Slavery in Mass., p. 54.
[18] The transition is exhibited in another case still more completely. "This position rendered them especially eligible for gross purposes, both in their intimate contact with the negroes and in their relations to their employers. The law had unwittingly set a premium upon immorality, as the female mulatto not only added an additional term to her period of service, but her offspring was by a law of 1723 in its turn forced to serve the master until the age of thirty-one years. Such mulatto servants, then, were scarcely better off as to prospective freedom than the negro slave. Custom tended to reduce them to a state of slavery. About the middle of the eighteenth century (circa 1765) the practice arose of actually disposing of their persons by sale, both in the colony and without, as slaves. So flagrant was the practice that further legislation was demanded to check the illegal proceeding by appropriate penalties. It would appear that the offenders were those who were entitled to the mulattoes only as servants, but used the power of intimidation or deceit, which could be easily practiced in the case of minor bastards born in their service." Ballagh, Hist. of Slavery in Va., pp. 59-60.
[19] From the very first, the Indians and Negroes as servants came in contact. Also, there seems to have been a "common bond of union" between Indians and Negroes. Again the colony laws concerning runaway servants generally took care of the Negro and Indian servants in the same act. Russell, The Free Negro in Va., pp. 128-129; Lauber, Indian Slavery in Colonial Times, pp. 218, 220-221.
[20] Russell, The Free Negro in Va., pp. 29-30.
[21] "With the change of the status of servitude to the status of slavery, certain of the attributes of the former condition were continued and connected with the latter chief of these, and the fundamental idea on which the change was effected, was the conception of property right which, from the idea of the ownership of an individual's service resting upon contract implied or expressed, came to be that of ownership of an individual's person." Lauber, Indian Slavery in Colonial Times, p. 215.
[22] Ballagh, Hist. of Slavery in Va., pp. 39-40.
[23] Lauber, Indian Slavery in Colonial Times, pp. 226, 227, 230; Turner, The Negro in Penn., p. 25. "With the loss of the ultimate right to freedom, the contractual element and the incidents essential to it were swept away, and as the idea of personality was obscured, the conception of property gained force, so that it became an easy matter to add incidents more strictly defining the property right and insuring its protection."