[20] De jure pacis ac belli, Book III, Chapter I, Paragraph 6, citation Augustin: “One may conceal the truth wisely,” and Cicero: “Dissimulation is absolutely necessary and unavoidable, especially for those to whom the care of the state is entrusted.”
[21] Admiral King, Report of the American High Command.
[22] John Chamberlain, “The man who pushed Pearl Harbor,” Life, of 1 April 1946.
[23] Manual for Courts Martial U.S. Army, 1928, Page 10.
[24] In this connection I mention the extensive literature dealing with the right of self-preservation in cases of urgent necessity. The surprise attack on the Danish fleet, 1807, as well as the hunger blockade against Germany are based on that.
[25] Freiherr von Freytagh-Loringhoven, Völkerrechtliche Neubildungen im Kriege, Hamburg 1941, Page 5.
[26] Quoted from “Neue Auslese,” 1946, Number 1, Page 16.
[27] Not always acknowledged by English authors. Compare for instance A. C. Bell, A History of the Blockade of Germany, et cetera, London, 1937, Page 213: “The assertion that civilians and the Armed Forces have been treated only since 1914 as a uniform belligerent body is one of the most ridiculous ever made.”
[28] Grenfell, The Art of the Admiral, London, 1937, Page 45: “By the early part of 1918, the civil population of Germany was in a state of semistarvation, and it has been calculated that, as a result of the blockade, over 700,000 Germans died of malnutrition.”
[29] See also protest of the Soviet Government to the British Ambassador of 25 October 1939, printed as Number 44 in “Urkunden zum Seekriegsrecht,” Volume I, edited by the High Command of the Navy.