[30] See for instance Wheaton’s International Law, 5th Edition, Page 727, Liddell Hart, “The Revolution in Naval Warfare,” Observer of 14 April 1946.
[31] Oppenheim, Die Stellung des Kauffahrteischiffes im Seekrieg, Zeitschrift für Völkerrecht, 1914, Page 165.
[32] Concerning the execution of these orders in the first World War, Vidaud, in “Les navires de commerce armés pour leur défense,” Paris, 1936, Pages 63-64 says as follows: “Les équipages eux-mêmes sont militarisés et soumis à la discipline militaire, ainsi que le capitaine Alfred Sheldon, appartenant à la réserve de la Marine Royale, a été condamné, le 8 Septembre 1915 par le conseil de guerre de Devonport, pour n’avoir pas attaqué un sousmarin allemand.”
[33] Compare for instance “Submarines in the Atomic Era” in the New York Herald Tribune, European Edition, of 27 April 1946, Page 2.
[34] A. C. Bell, Historical Section, Committee of Imperial Defense, A History of the Blockade of Germany and of the Countries Associated with Her in the Great War 1914-1918—The introduction contains the remark: “This history is confidential and for official use only.” (Quoted from the German edition by Böhmert, Die englische Hunger-blockade im Weltkrieg, Essen, 1943).
[35] Hugo Grotius, De jure pacis ac belli, Book II, Chapter XXI.
[36] Hugo Grotius, De jure pacis ac belli, Book II, Chapter XXVI. Paragraph 4, “He can believe that in a matter of doubt he must obey his superior.”
[37] See Wheaton’s International Law, 5th Edition, Pages 543-5.
[38] Claud Mullins, The Leipzig Trials, London, 1921.
[39] See Document Book 1, Documents Numbers Raeder-3 and 4, Page 9 et sequentes.