PARTIAL TRANSLATION OF DOCUMENT BECKER-FREYSENG 60a
BECKER-FREYSENG DEFENSE EXHIBIT 59
EXTRACTS FROM REPORT ON EXPERIMENTS ON HUMAN BEINGS IN WORLD LITERATURE; EXCERPTS FROM VARIOUS NEWSPAPERS AND MEDICAL WEEKLIES
| Excerpt from the Certified Translation | |
| Author: Ladell, W.S.S. (Med. Research Committee). | |
| Title: Effects after Taking Small Quantities of Sea-Water. An experimental study. (From the research staff, National Hospital, Queen Square). | |
| Quotation: The Lancet No. 6267 (October 1943) page 441. | |
| Purpose: Contribution to the physiology of persons who received the same food and drinking water as shipwrecked persons in lifeboats. Studies regarding the effect of the drinking of sea water on the chloride balance, urea excretion, urine amount, and loss of body weight of shipwrecked persons. | |
| Procedure: | |
| 1. Three experimental persons, after one day without water, drank 240 cc. fresh water and 180 cc. sodium chloride 3.5 percent solution daily for 4½ days. | |
| 2. Ten experimental persons, after one day without water, drank 540 cc. fresh water and 180 cc. sea water daily for 5 days; the following 4 days, 5 of these experimental persons drank 60 cc. fresh water daily, the following 4 days the other 5 experimental persons drank 60 cc. fresh water and 180 cc. sea water daily. | |
| 3. Eleven experimental persons, after one day without water, drank 540 cc. fresh water daily for 5 days; 6 of these experimental persons received 60 cc. water and 180 cc. sea water daily for the following 4 days. | |
| 4. Two experimental persons, after one day without water, drank 370 cc. fresh water each for 2 days, for the following 3 days daily 240 cc. fresh water each, plus 400 cc. sea water, the next 36 hours only 600 cc. sea water. | |
| All experimental persons moreover took only sea-rescue emergency rations in limited quantities, with 1 gr. sodium chloride at the most. | |
| Experimental persons: 17 experimental persons from a naval hospital submitted “voluntarily to the severe experimental conditions”, without physical injury. | |
| Excerpt from Certified Report 19 | |
| Author: Cameron and Karunaratne. | |
| Quotation: Journal of Pathology and Bacteriology 42, 13 (1936). | |
| Purpose: Studies of the poisonous effect of carbontetrachloride on human beings (report). | |
| Experiment: Carbontetrachloride is administered to healthy criminals before their execution. The effect of the poison on the liver is determined by way of an autopsy. (Therapeutical normal doses 3.0 cc.: maximum dose 5.0 cc.) | |
| 2 test persons receive twice 6 cc. (Nichols and Hampton) | |
| 3 test persons receive twice 4 cc. (Docherty and Nichols) | |
| 2 test persons receive twice 5 cc.* (Docherty and Burgess) | |
| 1 test person receive twice 5 and 3 cc.* (Docherty and Burgess) | |
| 3 test persons receive twice 10 cc. (Leach, Haughwout and Ash) | |
| * with subsequent laxative. | |
| Result: In some cases changes in the liver, in others none. | |
| Test persons: 11 criminals sentenced to death. | |
| Excerpt from Original 20 | |
| Author: Lt. Col. Kendall, A.E., Lt. Col. Dickinson, S.P., Lt. Col. Forrester, J.S. | |
| Title: The Treatment of Bacillary Dysentery in Chinese Soldiers with Sulfaguanidine and Sulfadiazine. | |
| Quotation: American Journal of Medical Science 211,103 (January, 1946). | |
| Purpose: Page 103: “The opportunity to make controlled observations of the efficacy of sulfaguanidine and sulfadiazine in the treatment of acute bacillary dysentery has recently presented itself to us. In an Army general hospital in northeastern India caring for Chinese and American troops, we have observed many hundreds of cases within the past year. It early became apparent that we were dealing with a relatively benign form of the disease with a uniformly favorable outcome. Under these circumstances, it seemed both justifiable and important to utilize the opportunity to determine to what extent sulfonamide therapy shortened the course of the disease or otherwise favorably influenced its course.” | |
| Experiment: “The present communication describes the results of such an investigation, carried out in the 7-month period from June through December 1943, in which the results of treatment were compared in 334 Chinese patients with bacillary dysentery, one-third received sulfaguanidine and one-third, sulfadiazine.” | |
| Results: Page 109: “Neither drug shortened the course of the disease, ameliorated the symptoms, nor altered the eventual outcome.” | |
| Test persons: 334 Chinese soldiers patients. | |
| Excerpt from the Original Report No. 23 | ||
| Author: See below. | ||
| Title: Trench Fever Report of Commission Medical Research Committee, American Red Cross, University Press 1918. Trench Fever, Bruce, Final Report of the War Trench Fever Investigation Committee, Journal of Hygiene 1921, page 258. | ||
| Quotation: Reference in Kolle-Kraus-Uhlenhut, Manual of Pathogenic Micro-organisms. VIII/1, 1302, (1930). | ||
| Purpose: “The American Commission (President: Strong, Members: Swift, Ople, McNeal, Beetjew, Pappenheimer, Peacoc, Rapport) interpreted its task in a preponderantly practical way, trying to clarify the methods of transmission and to safeguard the troops from infection. The English Commission (President: Bruce. Members: Harvey, Bacot, Byam, Trench, Arkwright, Fletcher, Hird, Plimmer) set itself the task of investigating the disease completely and thoroughly, particularly also the causative agent.” | ||
| Experiment: “The experiments of the English-American Commissions, those of transmitting Quintana with the entire blood were largely positive, and the intravenous injection showed better results than the intramuscular and particularly the subcutaneous. | ||
| “Experiments for the transmission of lice were carried out by the English and American Commissions on the two bases: The bite of lice and the rubbing in of infected lice secretion.” | ||
| The first announcement of the American Commission on successful transmission of lice came on 14 February 1918; the first successful experiment on the transmission of lice of the English Commission on 9 March. | ||
| Transmission Experiments: | ||
| with Plasma | positive in 7 cases | |
| with Serum | negative | |
| with red blood corpuscles | positive 3 times in 4 experiments | |
| with blood from skin which has been scratched | negative | |
| Infection: | ||
| with secretion of lice | positive | |
| with sputum and saliva | positive once in 4 experiments | |
| with urine of patients rubbed into the skin | positive 5 times in 8 experiments | |
| through the conjunctiva | positive | |
| through the urethra | not successful | |
| through the mouth | not successful | |
| through food and drink | not successful | |
| Experimental persons: Approximately at least 100 | ||
| Result: Clarification of the etiology and the methods of transmission. | ||
| Excerpts from the Original Report No. 25 | |
| Author: Hamdi. | |
| Title: Results of Immunization Tests against Typhus. | |
| Quotation: Journal for Hygiene 1916, 82. Quoted in Kolle-Kraus-Uhlenhut, Manual of Pathogenic Micro-organisms VIII/2, 1204 (1930). | |
| Purpose: See title. | |
| Experiment: “By means of virulent blood of patients, Hamdi was in a position to check on a large number of persons who had been treated before partly with the blood of patients (80), partly with the blood of reconvalescents (54), partly with a mixture of both blood types (19) * * *. Upon the infection with the blood of patients, none of the thrice protectively vaccinated persons became ill, two out of seven persons who had been protectively vaccinated only twice became ill.” | |
| Experimental persons: “In the first place, these experiments concerned persons who had been sentenced to death for crimes,” | |
| “* * * large number * * *.” | |
| Result: Effectiveness of protective vaccination was proved. | |
| Excerpt from Original Report No. 26 | |
| Author: Doerr, R. | |
| Title: Pappataci Fever and Dengue. | |
| Quotation: Kolle-Kraus-Uhlenhut, Manual of Pathogenic Micro-organisms VIII/1, 501 et seq. (1930). | |
| Purpose: Research in Etiology and Transmission of Pappataci Fever. | |
| Experiment: II. Pappataci Fever. Page 508: “The organism circulates in the blood of the patients during the first 24 hours after the beginning of the fever. Its presence is betrayed only from the pathogenicity (infectivity) of the blood for healthy and receptive (not immune) human beings. If such an individual were to be injected with the blood of a subcutaneously feverish person he would fall ill * * * of a fever attack typical in every respect. This experiment was at first successfully performed by Doerr (1908), later by Doerr and Russ in the Hercegovina, by Birt in Malta, by Tedeschi and Napolitani in Italy, by Lepine (Three Days Fever in Syria, Bull. Soc. path. exot. 20, 251, 1927) in Syria. The experiment was repeated by Kligler and Ashner in Palestine and furnished positive results in about 35 single experiments. In this connection it must be considered that, almost without exception, the inoculated persons lived in areas free from epidemics and phlebotomus so that an accidental natural infection was out of the question from the beginning.” | |
| Page 513: “But Whittingham and Rook brought infected phlebotomus from Malta to England. They succeeded in breeding imagines from the eggs of flies laid in England and infecting human beings by the bites of these flies, that is producing fever attacks. In this way, the question of where the virus of the Pappataci fever remains over the winter would apparently be answered.” | |
| Experimental persons: About 35. | |
| Result: Determination and confirmation of the etiology and the method of transmission. | |