[32] François Michel Letellier, Marquis de Louvois (1641-1691), the organizer of the French standing army. Louvois was Minister of War from 1666 to 1691; the Palatinate was burnt down in 1674 and again in 1689.—T.
[33] François de Bonne de Créqui, Maréchal Duc de Lesdiguières (circa 1687), one of the greatest French captains of the seventeenth century, served gloriously under Louis XIV. in the campaigns of Flanders, Alsace and Lorraine, from 1667 to 1678. He took Luxemburg in 1684.—T.
[34] Armand Maréchal de La Force (circa 1586-1675) served with distinction in the Italian and German Wars.—T.
[35] Louis Hector Maréchal Duc de Villars (1653-1734), Marlborough's famous adversary.—T.
[36] Turenne was killed by a cannon-ball while reconnoitering at Sasbach (27 July 1675). The Pic was his favourite piebald charger.—T.
[37] François de Lorraine, Duc de Guise, successfully defended Metz against Charles V. from October 1552 to January 1553; Vauban laid the new fortifications, outside the old, in the reign of Louis XIV.—T.
[38] The father of Alexis de Tocqueville.—Author's Note. Cf. Vol. II., p. 295, n. 1.—T.
The Comte de Tocqueville administered the Department of the Moselle from February 1817 to June 1823.—B.
[39] Abraham Maréchal Fabert (1599-1662), Governor of Sedan, son of Abraham Fabert, the director of the ducal printing-works at Metz, was the first commoner who became a marshal of France (1658).—T.
[40] Metz was plundered by the Vandals in 406.—T.