[4] Ibid., p. 40.
[5] Ibid., p. 50.
[6] See the chapter “Die Unterwerfung Germaniens durch die Römer” in his Geschichte der Kriegskunst im Rahmen der politischen Geschichte, Berlin, 2nd edit., 1909, II, p. 47 f.
[7] Gesch. der röm. Kaiserzeit, Gotha, 1883, p. 221 f.
[8] Röm. Herrschaft in Westeuropa, Berlin, 1890, p. 110.
[9] Die Römer in Deutschland (Monographien zur Weltgeschichte, XXII), 1912, p. 8. Fischer (Armin und die Römer, Halle a. S., 1893, p. 4) is entirely correct in saying that Julius Caesar’s conflicts with the Germans were intended merely “die Germanen von Einfällen in Gallien abzuschrecken,” i. e. to frighten them and to flatter Roman pride. However, inconsistently enough, he adds that Augustus saw a hope of expansion in this direction, “und demgemäss sah er, als Adoptivsohn Cäsars, die Unterwerfung Germaniens als eine ihm vermachte heilige Pflicht an” (p. 25).
[10] See Kaiser Augustus (Monographien zur Weltgeschichte, XVII), 1902, p. 111: “bedrängte Drusus vom Unterrhein her die freien Germanen, und hatte sie bis zur Elbe unterworfen ... Tiberius ... vollendete dann in den beiden folgenden Jahren die Eroberung und ordnete die Verwaltung der neuen Provinz.”
[11] See also Mommsen, Röm. Gesch., V, 31 f.; Schiller, op. cit., p. 222. Riese (Forschungen zur Gesch. der Rheinlande in der Römerzeit, Frankfurt am Main, 1889, p. 11), while believing that subjugation was made, shows that no province was established; cf. pp. 6, 7, 12. Mommsen’s statement that proof of such organization is seen in the fact that, when Drusus consecrated for Gaul the altar of Augustus at Lyons, the Ubii were not included, but a similar altar was erected for the German cantons, is answered by Riese, who points out that the emperor’s worship was by no means confined to a single place in a province. For proofs of this statement see examples given by Riese, p. 7 f.; also by Marquardt, Röm. Staatsverwaltung², I, p. 504. Ferrero (Characters and Events of Roman History, New York, 1909, p. 165) reaches the conclusion that, owing to the absence of Tiberius at Rhodes, Germany was not organized into a province; that the Germans were not bound to pay tribute, but were left to govern themselves solely and entirely by their own laws.
[12] Armin der Befreier Deutschland, Berlin, 1909, p. 6 f.
[13] Die Feldzüge der Römer in Deutschland, Halle, 1872, p. 49.