[XI. PREPOSITIONS.]

§ 69. Simple Prepositions.

A,of, belonging to. (See [§ 19].)
at, of future time: a hea? at what time?
O,of, belonging to, passive of a ([§ 19]).
Na, of, belonging to. ([§§ 16], [19].)
by, by means of, on account of.
No, of, belonging to ([§§ 16], [19]), passive of na.
from, of place, but not after verbs of motion.
from, at, of time past.
Ma, for. ([§ 19].)
by, of means.
by, through, of direction.
Mo, for, passive of ma.
at, on, of time future.
E, by, of agent, only after passive verbs. ([§ 48].)
I, by, of agent or instrument, after participles, adjectives, and neuter verbs. ([§ 59].)
by reason of.
from, after verbs of motion.
with, == in possession of, or having in possession.
at, of time, generally past.
at, of place, generally in time past.
in state of, in act of, in time past, govern adjectives or verbs.
simply transitive, no English equivalent. ([§ 48].)
Kei, at, of place, in time present.
with == in possession of, in time present.
in state of, in act of, with adjectives or verbs in time present.
Hei, at, of place, or time, future.
with == in possession of, in time future.
for == to serve as, without any definitive.
Ki, to, of place or action.
at, or in, of place in which a thing is done &c.
with, of instrument.
according to, concerning.
after verbs without any English equivalent. ([§ 48].)
Me, with, in addition, and—too.
Ko, to, going to, with nouns of place and infinitives of active verbs.

§ 70. Complex Prepositions. These are irregular modes of using some of the nouns of locality enumerated in [§ 10].

Series 1.

Ki runga ki, }
I runga i, } upon, on the top of.
Kei runga kei, }
Hei runga hei, }
No runga no, from upon, i. e. belonging to the top of.
I runga i, from upon, with special idea of motion from.
Mo runga mo, for the top of.
Ma runga ma, over, by the top of (direction).
Ko runga ko, to the top of.

Series 2.