1804. May. Napoleon Buonaparte proclaimed Emperor.
1808. New nobility of France created, titles and heraldry revived.
1814. Abdication of Napoleon in favour of his son, Napoleon II., who, however, never reigned.
1814. Restoration of the Monarchy under Louis XVIII., brother of Louis XVI.; he died September, 1824.
1824. Charles X., King, brother of the above, deposed in July, 1830; succeeded by his cousin—
1830. Louis-Philippe, as King of the French.
1848. February. Abdication and flight of Louis-Philippe. Proclamation of a Republic; Louis Napoleon elected President of the Republic, December, 1848.
1852. December. Proclamation of Napoleon III. as Emperor of the French (the Second Empire).
1870. Overthrow of the Empire; Republic proclaimed.