Netherlands, 1896–1901.
The data concerning the Netherlands are limited to the following:[250]
Percentage of Persons of Illegitimate Birth.
| Years. | Convicts. | Recidivists. | ||||
| Men. | Women. | Total. | Men. | Women. | Total. | |
| 1896 | 1.5 | 3.4 | 1.7 | 2.2 | 6.8 | 2.4 |
| 1897 | 1.3 | 2.3 | 1.6 | 1.9 | 3.5 | 2.0 |
| 1898 | 1.3 | 1.9 | 1.3 | 1.6 | 1.6 | 1.6 |
| 1899 | 1.5 | 2.2 | 1.6 | 2.0 | 2.2 | 2.2 |
| 1900 | 1.8 | 2.0 | 2.0 | 1.9 | 1.4 | 1.9 |
| 1901 | 1.3 | 1.9 | 1.9 | 1.5 | 2.8 | 1.6 |
In the period 1887–1891 the number of illegitimate children to 100 born living was 3.2[251]; the mortality among illegitimate children during their first year rose to 26.6% as against 17.5% among children in general (1885–1893).[252] It is not possible to calculate for [[499]]the population in general the number of individuals born of illegitimate unions and arrived at the age at which they are capable of committing crime, but it is certain that the mortality is greater among illegitimate children at each age than among legitimate children, and that the number of children legitimated is very considerable. The percentage of illegitimates to the whole population, then, is much smaller than 3.2. It is consequently probable that in Holland also illegitimate children are more likely to become criminals than legitimate children.
As to juvenile criminals there are the following figures to be gathered from the criminal statistics for the years from 1899 to 1901:
| Years. | To 100 of Each Category. | |||||
| Boys. | Girls. | |||||
| Illeg. | Orph. | Half-Orph. | Illeg. | Orph. | Half-Orph. | |
| 1899 | 0.5 | 0.8 | 18.8 | 4.3 | 2.2 | 27.2 |
| 1900 | 3.5 | 0.1 | 18.3 | 3.0 | 1.5 | 29.6 |
| 1901 | 2.5 | 0.8 | 15.0 | 1.5 | 1.5 | 19.6 |
New York (State), 1875–1897.
Dugdale gives the following figures in “The Jukes.” They deal with 233 criminals imprisoned in New York in 1875. 40.77% were orphans; 46.78% had been neglected in their youth; 17.16% were descended from criminal families, and 42.49% from intemperate families.[253]
The following very interesting figures are taken from the annual reports of the Elmira Reformatory. [[500]]