Biology and Its Makers / With Portraits and Other Illustrations

by William A. Locy

A
Abiogenesis, [277]
Acquired characters, inheritance of, [314];
Weismann on, [398]
Agassiz, essay on classification, [137];
agreement of embryological stages and the fossil record, [334];
fossil fishes, [334];
portrait, [334]
Aldrovandi, [115]
Alternative inheritance, [316]
Amphimixis, the source of variations, [396]
Anatomical sketches, the earliest, [32];
from Vesalius, [31], [33]
Anatomical studies, recent tendencies of, [442]
Anatomy, of Aristotle, [23];
beginnings of, [23];
earliest known illustrations, [32];
of Galen, [24];
of the Middle Ages, [24];
comparative, rise of, [141]-165;
of insects, Dufour, [109];
Lyonet, [91];
Malpighi, [63];
Newport, [100];
Réaumur, [96];
Roesel, [96];
Straus-Dürckheim, [96];
Swammerdam, [70], 73-77;
minute, progress of, [89]-104;
of plants, Grew, [56];
Malpighi, [66]
Ancients, return to the science of, [112]
Animal behavior, studies of, [441]
Animal kingdom of Cuvier, [133]
Aquinas, St. Thomas, on creation, [409]
Arcana Naturæ, of Leeuwenhoek, [78]
Aristotle, [9]-15;
books of, [13];
errors of, [13];
estimate of, [10];
extensive knowledge of animals, [12];
the founder of natural history, [9];
influence of, [15];
personal appearance, [13], [14];
portrait, [14];
position in the development of science, [11]
Arrest of inquiry, effect of, [17]
Augustine, St., on creation, [409]
Authority declared the source of knowledge, [18]
B
Bacteria, discovery of, [276];
disease-producing, [300];
and antiseptic surgery, [302];
nitrifying, of the soil, [303]
Bacteriology, development of, [276]
Baer, Von, and the rise of embryology, [195]-236;
his great classic on development of animals, [214];
and germ-layers, [218];
makes embryology comparative, [220];
and Pander [218];
period in embryology, [214]-226;
portraits, [216], [217];
his rank in embryology, [220];
his especial service, [217];
sketches from his embryological treatise, [222]
Balfour, masterly work of, [226];
his period in embryology, [226]-232;
personality, [228];
portrait, [227];
tragic fate, [228];
university career, [227]
Bary, H.A. de, [271];
portrait, [272]
Bassi, and the germ-theory of disease, [293]"
Bell, Charles, discoveries on the nervous system, [183];
portrait, [184]
Berengarius, [26]
Bernard, Claude, in physiology, [190];
personality, [191];
portrait, [191]
Biblia Naturæ of Swammerdam, [73]
Bichat, and the birth of histology, [166]-178;
Buckle's estimate of, [166], [167];
education, [167];
in Paris, [167];
personality, [168];
phenomenal industry, [168];
portrait, [169];
results of his work, [170];
writings, [170];
successes of, [170]
Binomial nomenclature of Linnæus, [126]
Biological facts, application of, [443]
Biological laboratories, establishment and maintenance of, [445];
the station at Naples, [444];
picture of, [445];
the Woods Hole station, [444]
Biological periodicals, [446]
Biological progress, continuity of, [434];
atmosphere engendered by, [448];
from Linnæus to Darwin, [138]-140
Biology, defined, [4];
domain of, [4], [5];
epochs of, [20];
progress of, [3], [5];
applied, [443]
Boerhaave, quoted, [71], [72];
and Linnæus, [122]
Bois-Reymond, Du, [189];
portrait, [189]
Bones, fossil, [322], [324]
Bonnet, and emboîtement, [208];
opposition to Wolff, [211];
portrait, [212]
Books, the notable, of biology, [435]
Brown, Robert, discovers the nucleus in plant-cells, [243]
Buckland, [324]
Buckle, on Bichat, [166], [167]
Buffon, [129], [411];
portrait, [412];
position in evolution, [412]
C
Cæsalpinus, on the circulation, [50]
Cajal, Ramon y, [176];
portrait, [176]
Camper, anatomical work of, [143];
portrait, [144]
Carpenter, quoted, [170]
Carpi, the anatomist, [26]
Castle, experiments on inheritance, [316]
Catastrophism, theory of, Cuvier, [326];
Lyell on, [331]
Caulkins, on protozoa, [109]
Cell, definition of, [258];
diagram of, [257];
earliest known pictures of, [238], [239];
in heredity, [257]
Cell-lineage, [234], [442]
Cell-theory, announcement of, [242];
effect on embryology, [222], [224];
founded by Schleiden and Schwann, [242];
Schleiden's contribution, [247];
Schwann's treatise, [248];
modifications of, [250];
vague foreshadowings of, [237]
Child, studies on regulation, [440]
Chromosomes, [254], [312]
Circulation of the blood, Harvey, [46], [47];
Servetus, [50];
Columbus, [50];
Cæsalpinus, [50];
in the capillaries, [84];
Leeuwenhoek's sketch of, [83];
Vesalius on, with illustration, [49]
Classification of animals, tabular view of, [137]-138
Cohn, portrait, [271]
Color, in evolution, [386]
Columbus, on the circulation, [50]
Comparative anatomy, rise of, [141]-165;
becomes experimental, [165]
Cope, in comparative anatomy, [165];
portrait, [336];
important work in palæontology, [337], [437]
Creation, Aquinas on, [409];
St. Augustine on, [408];
special, [410];
evolution the method of, [348]
Cuvier, birth and early education, [149];
and catastrophism, [326];
comprehensiveness of mind, [154];
correlation of parts, [133];
debate with St. Hilaire, [416];
domestic life, [155];
forerunners of, [143];
founds comparative anatomy, [154];
founder of vertebrate palæontology, [325];
his four branches of the animal kingdom, [132];
goes to Paris, [151];
life at the seashore, [150];
opposition to Lamarck, [414];
portraits, [152], [153];
physiognomy, [152];
and the rise of comparative anatomy, [141]-156;
shortcomings of, [156];
successors of, [156];
type-theory of, [133]
D
Darwin, Charles, his account of the way his theory arose, [427];
factors of evolution, [380];
habits of work, [426];
home life, [423];
at Downs, [426];
ill health, [426];
naturalist on the Beagle, [425];
natural selection, [383];
opens note-book on the origin of species, [426];
personality, [422];
portraits, [382], [423];
parallelism in thought with Wallace, [427];
publication of the Origin of Species, [429];
his other works, [391], [429];
theory of pangenesis, [306];
variation in nature, [382];
the original drafts of his theory sent by Hooker and Lyell to the Linnæan Society, [420]-422;
working hours, [426];
summary of his theory, [405]
Darwin, Erasmus, [413];
portrait, [413]
Darwinism and Lamarckism confused, [391];
not the same as organic evolution, [347]
Davenport, experiments, [319]
Deluge, and the deposit of fossils, [323]
De Vries, mutation theory of, [402];
portrait, [403];
summary, [406]
Dufour, Léon, on insect anatomy, [100]
Dujardin, [250], [262];
discovers sarcode, [250], [266];
portrait, [265];
writings, [264]
E
Edwards, H. Milne-, [157];
portrait, [157]
Ehrenberg, [106], [107];
portrait, [108]
Embryological record, interpretation of, [229]
Embryology, Von Baer and the rise of, [194]-236;
experimental, [232];
gill-clefts and other rudimentary organs in embryos, [361];
theoretical, [235]
Epochs in biological history, [20]
Evolution, doctrine of, generalities regarding, [345];
controversies regarding the factors, [346], [369];
factors of, [368];
effect on embryology, [225];
on palæontology, [332];
nature of the question regarding, [348];
a historical question, [348];
the historical method in, [348];
sweep of, [366];
one of the greatest acquisitions of human knowledge, [366];
predictions verified, [367];
theories of, [369];
Lamarck, [369];
Darwin, [386];
Weismann, [392];
De Vries, [402];
summary of evolution theories, [404];
vagueness regarding, [346]
Evolutionary series, [351];
shells, [351];
horses, [354]
Evolutionary thought, rise of, [407]-433;
views of certain fathers of the church, [408]
Experimental observation, introduced by Harvey, [39]-53
Experimental work in biology, [439]
F
Fabrica, of Vesalius, [30]
Fabricius, Harvey's teacher, [41];
portrait, [43]
Factors of evolution, [369]
Fallopius, [36];
portrait, [37]
Flood, fossils ascribed to, [323]
Fossil life, the science of, [320]-341;
bones, [322], [325];
horses in America, [355];
collections in New
Haven, [355];
in New York, [355];
man, [340], [364];
Neanderthal skull, [365];
ape-like man, [364]
Fossil remains an index to past history, [329]
Fossils, arrangement in strata, [328];
ascribed to the flood, [323];
their comparison with living animals, [324];
from the Fayûm district, [341];
method of collecting, [340];
nature of, [322];
determination of, by Cuvier, [325];
Da Vinci, [322];
Steno, [322];
strange views regarding, [320]
G
Galen, [23], [180];
portrait, [25]
Galton, law of ancestral inheritance, [318];
portrait, [317]
Geer, De, on insects, [95]
Gegenbaur, [163];
portrait, [164]
Generation, Wolff's theory of, [210]
Germ-cells, organization of, [210]
Germ-layers, [218]
Germ-plasm, continuity of, [393];
complexity of, [395];
the hereditary substance, [311];
union of germ-plasms the source of variations, [396]
Germ-theory of disease, [293]
Germinal continuity, [224], [308];
doctrine of, [224], [311], [393]
Germinal elements, [305]
Germinal selection, [397]
Germinal substance, [310]
Gesner, [112];
personality, [113];
portrait, [114];
natural history of, [113]
Gill-clefts in embryos, [361]
Goodsir, [174]
Grew, work of, [56]
H
Haeckel, [431];
portrait, [432]
Haller, fiber-theory, [242];
opposition to Wolff, [211];
in physiology, [181];
portrait, [182]
Harvey, and experimental observation, [39]-53;
his argument for the circulation, [51];
discovery of the circulation, [47];
his great classic, [46];
education, [40];
in embryology, [198];
embryological treatise, [199], [200];
frontispiece from his generation of animals (1651), [202];
influence of, [52];
introduces experimental method, [47];
at Padua, [41];
period in physiology, [180];
personal appearance and qualities, [42], [44], [45];
portrait, [44];
predecessors of, [48];
question as to his originality, [46];
his teacher, [43];
writings, [45]
Heredity, [305];
a cellular study, [257];
according to Darwin, [307];
Weismann, [309];
application of statistics to, [314];
inheritance of acquired characters, [314];
steps in advance of knowledge of, [308]
Hertwig, Oskar, portrait, [231];
service in embryology, [232];
Richard, quoted, [125]
Hilaire, St., portrait, [416];
see St. Hilaire
His, Wilhelm, [232];
portrait, [234]
Histology, birth of, [166]-178;
Bichat its founder, [170];
normal and pathological, [172];
text-books of, [177]
Hooke, Robert, [55];
his microscope illustrated, [55]
Hooker, letter on the work of Darwin and Wallace, [420]-422
Horse, evolution of, [354]
Human ancestry, links in, [364], [365]
Human body, evolution of, [363]
Human fossils, [340], [364]
Hunter, John, [144];

portrait, [145]
Huxley, in comparative anatomy, [161];
influence on biology, [430];
in palæontology, [335];
portrait, [430]
I
Inheritance, alternative, Mendel, [316];
ancestral, [318];
Darwin's theory of, [306];
material basis of, [311]-313;
nature of, [305]
Inheritance of acquired characters, [314];
Lamarck on, [377];
Weismann on, [398]
Inquiry, the arrest of, [17]
Insects, anatomy of, Dufour, [106];
Malpighi, [63];
illustration, [65];
Newport, [100];
Leydig, [102];
Straus-Dürckheim, [96];
Swammerdam, [70], [75];
illustration, [77];
theology of, [91]
J
Jardin du Roi changed to Jardin des Plantes, [372]
Jennings, on animal behavior, [109], [441]
Jonston, [114]
K
Klein, [118]
Koch, Robert, discoveries of, [300];
portrait, [301]
Koelliker, in embryology, [224];
in histology, [171];
portrait, [174]
Kowalevsky, in embryology, [224];
portrait, [225]
L
Lacaze-Duthiers, [158];
portrait, [159]
Lamarck, changes from botany to zoölogy, [372];
compared with Cuvier, [327];
education, [371];
first announcement of his evolutionary views, [375];
forerunners of, [411];
first use of a genealogical tree, [131];
founds invertebrate palæontology, [326];
on heredity, [377];
laws of evolution, [376];
military experience, [370];
opposition to, [414];
Philosophie Zoologique, [375];
portrait, [373];
position in science, [132];
salient points in his theory, [378];
his theory of evolution, [374];
compared with that of Darwin, [390], [391];
time and favorable conditions, [378];
use and disuse, [374]
Leeuwenhoek, [77]-87;
new biographical facts, [78];
capillary circulation, [84], [85];
sketch of, [83];
comparison with Malpighi and Swammerdam, [87];
discovery of the protozoa, [105];
other discoveries, [85];
and histology, [178];
his microscopes, [81];
pictures of, [82], [83];
occupation of, [78];
portrait, [80];
scientific letters, [83];
theoretical views, [86]
Leibnitz, [208]
Leidy in palæontology, [337]
Lesser's theology of insects, [91]
Leuckart, [136];
portrait, [136]
Leydig, [102];
anatomy of insects, [102];
in histology, [175];
portrait, [175]
Linnæan system, reform of, [130]-138
Linnæus, [118]-130;
binomial nomenclature, [127];
his especial service, [126];
features of his work, [127], [128];
his idea of species, [128], [129];
influence on natural history, [125];
personal appearance, [125];
personal history, [119];
portrait, [124];
helped by his fiancée, [120];
return to Sweden, [123];
and the rise of natural history, [100]-130;
the Systema Naturæ, [121], [125], [127];
professor in Upsala, [123];
celebration of two hundredth anniversary of his birth, [124];
as university lecturer, [123];
wide recognition, [122];
summary on, [129]-130
Lister, Sir Joseph, and antiseptic surgery, [302];
portrait, [302]
Loeb, [234];
on artificial fertilization, [441];
on regulation, [440]
Ludwig, in physiology, [160];
portrait, [160]
Lyell, epoch-making work in geology, [330];
letter on Darwin and Wallace, [420]-422;
portrait, [331]
Lyonet, [89];
portrait and personality, [90];
great monograph on insect anatomy, [91];
illustrations from, [92], [94], [94], [95];
extraordinary quality of his sketches, [92]
M
Malpighi, [58]-67;
activity in research, [62];
anatomy of plants, [66];
anatomy of the silkworm, [63];
compared with Leeuwenhoek and Swammerdam, [87];
work in embryology, [66], [202];
rank as embryologist, [205];
honors at home and abroad, [61];
personal appearance, [58];
portraits, [60], [204];
sketches from his embryological treatises, [204];
and the theory of pre-delineation, [204]
Man, antiquity of, [364];
evolution of, [363];
fossil, [340], [364]
Marsh, O.C., portrait, [337]
Meckel, J. Fr., [162];
portrait, [162]
Men, of biology, [7], [8];
the foremost, [437];
of science, [7]
Mendel, [315];
alternative inheritance, [316];
law of, [315];
purity of the germ-cells, [316];
portrait, [315];
rank of Mendel's discovery, [316], [317]
Microscope, Hooke's, Fig. of, [55];
Leeuwenhoek's, [81],
Figs. of, [82], [83]
Microscopic observation, introduction of, [54];
of Hooke, [55];
Grew, [55];
Ehrenberg, [106];
Malpighi, [66], [67];
Leeuwenhoek, [81], [84], [85], [105]
Microscopists, the pioneer, [54]
Middle Ages, a remolding period, [19];
anatomy in, [24]
Milne-Edwards, portrait, [157]
Mimicry, [387]
Mohl, Von, [268];
portrait, [269]
Müller, Fritz, [230];
O. Fr., [106]
Müller, Johannes, as anatomist, [163];
general influence, [185];
influence on physiology, [185];
as a teacher, [185];
his period in physiology, [184];
personality, [185];
portrait, [188];
physiology after Müller, [188]
N
Nägeli, portrait, [268]
Naples, biological station at, [446];
picture of, [445]
Natural history, of Gesner, [112], [113], [114];
of Ray, [115]-118;
of Linnæus, [118]-130;
sacred, [110];
rise of scientific, [110]-130
Natural selection, [383];
discovery of, [427];
Darwin and Wallace on, [429];
extension of, by Weismann, [397];
illustrations of, [384];
inadequacy of, [389]
Nature, continuity of, [367];
return to, [19];
renewal of observation, [19]
Naturphilosophie, school of, [160]
Neanderthal skull, [365]
Needham, experiments on spontaneous generation, [281]
Neo-Lamarckism, [380]
Newport, on insect anatomy, [100]
Nineteenth century, summary of discoveries in, 3
Nomenclature of biology, [126], [127]
Nucleus, discovery of, by Brown, [243];
division of, [256], [313]
O
Observation, arrest of, [17];
renewal of, [19];
in anatomy, [26];
and experiment the method of science, [22], [39]
Oken, on cells, [241];
portrait, [160]
Omne vivum ex ovo, [200]
Omnis cellula e cellula, [309]
Organic evolution, doctrine of, [345]-367;
influence of, on embryology, [225];
theories of, [368]-406;
rise of
evolutionary thought, [407]-433;
sweep of the doctrine of, [366]
Osborn, quoted, [10], [364], [410];
in palæontology, [339]
P
Palæontology, Cuvier founds vertebrate, [325];
of the Fayûm district, [341];
Lamarck founder of invertebrate, [326];
Agassiz, [332];
Cope, [337];
Huxley, [335];
Lyell, [330];
Marsh, [337];
Osborn, [339];
Owen, [332];
William Smith, [328];
steps in the rise of, [329]
Pander, and the germ-layer theory, [218]
Pangenesis, Darwin's theory of, [306]
Pasteur, on fermentation, [293];
spontaneous generation, [288];
inoculation for hydrophobia, [299];
investigation of microbes, [299];
personality, [296];
portrait, [296];
his supreme service, [299];
veneration of, [294]
Pasteur Institute, foundation of, [299];
work of, [300]
Pearson, Carl, and ancestral inheritance, [318]
Philosophie Anatomique of St. Hilaire, [416]
Philosophie Zoologique of Lamarck, [375]
Physiologus, the sacred natural history, [110]-112
Physiology, of the ancients, [179];
rise of, [179]-194;
period of Harvey, [180];
of Haller, [181];
of J. Müller, [184];
great influence of Müller, [185];
after Müller, [188]
Pithecanthropus erectus, [341], [360]
Pliny, portrait, [16]
Pouchet, on spontaneous generation, [286]
Pre-delineation, theory of, [206];
rise of, Malpighi, [207];
Swammerdam, [208];
Wolff, [210]
Pre-formation. See Pre-delineation
Primitive race of men, [366]
Protoplasm, [259];
discovery of, [250], [262];
doctrine and sarcode, [270], [273];
its movements, [261];
naming of, [269];
its powers, [260]
Protozoa, discovery of, [104];
growth of knowledge concerning, [104]-109
Purkinje, portrait, [267]
R
Rathke, in comparative anatomy, [163];
in embryology, [223]
Ray, John, [115];
portrait, [116];
and species, [117]
Réaumur, [96];
portrait, [98]
Recapitulation theory, [230]
Recent tendencies, in biology, [437];
in embryology, [232]
Redi, earliest experiments on the generation of life, [279];
portrait, [280]
Remak, in embryology, [223]
Roesel, on insects, [95];
portrait, [98]
S
Sarcode and protoplasm, [273], [275]
Scala Naturæ, [131]
Scale of being, [131]
Schleiden, [243];
contribution to the cell-theory, [248];
personality, [247];
portrait, [246]
Schultze, Max, establishes the protoplasm doctrine, [272];
in histology, [172];
portrait, [273]
Schulze, Franz, on spontaneous generation, [284]
Schwann, and the cell-theory, [242], [244], [248], [249];
in histology, [171];
and spontaneous generation, [284]
Science, of the ancients, return to, [112];
conditions under which it developed, [8];
biological, [4]
Servetus, on circulation of the blood, [50]
Severinus, in comparative anatomy, [143];
portrait, [143]
Sexual selection, [388]
Shells, evolution of, [352], [353]
Siebold, Von, [134], [135];
portrait, [135]
Silkworm, Malpighi on, [63];
Pasteur on, [299]
Smith, Wm., in geology, [328]
Spallanzani, experiments on generation, [282];
portrait, [283]
Special creation, theory of, [410]
Species, Ray, [117];
Linnæus, [129];
are they fixed in nature, [350];
origin of, [350]-364
Spencer, [418];
his views on evolution in 1852, [419]
Spontaneous generation, belief in, [278];
disproved, [292];
first experiments on, [278];
new form of the question, [281];
Redi, [279];
Pasteur,
[288];
Pouchet, [286];
Spallanzani, [282];
Tyndall, [290]
Steno, on fossils, [322]
Straus-Dürckheim, his monograph, [96];
illustrations from, [102]
Suarez, and the theory of special creation, [410]
Swammerdam, his Biblia Naturæ, [73];
illustrations from, [75], [77];
early interest in natural history, [68];
life and works, [67]-77;
love of minute anatomy, [70];
method of work, [71];
personality, [67];
portrait, [70];
compared with Malpighi and Leeuwenhoek, [87]
System, Linnæan, reform of, [130]-138
Systema Naturæ, of Linnæus, [121], [127]
T
Theory, the cell-, [242];
the protoplasm, [272];
of organic evolution, [345]-368;
of special creation, [410]
Tyndall, on spontaneous generation, [289];
his apparatus for getting optically pure air, [290]
Type-theory, of Cuvier, [132]
U
Uniformatism, and catastrophism, [331]
V
Variation, of animals, in a state of nature, [382];
origin of, according to Weismann, [396]
Vesalius, and the overthrow of authority, in science, [22]-38;
great book of, [30];
as court physician, [35];
death, [36];
force and independence, [27];

method of teaching anatomy, [28], [29];
opposition to, 34;
personality, [22], [27], [30];
physiognomy, [30];
portrait, [29];
predecessors of, [26];
especial service of, [37];
sketches from his works, [31], [33], [34], [49]
Vicq d'Azyr, [146];
portrait, [147]
Vinci, Leonardo da, and fossils, [322]
Virchow, and germinal continuity, [225];
in histology, [174];
portrait, [174]
Vries, Hugo de, his mutation theory, [403];
portrait, [403];
summary of theory, [406]
W
Wallace, and Darwin, [420];
his account of the conditions under which his theory originated, [427];
portrait, [428];
writings, [427]
Weismann, the man, [399];
quotation from autobiography, [401];
personal qualities, [399];
portrait, [400];
his theory of the germ-plasm, [392]-399;
summary of his theory, [405]
Whitney collection of fossil horses, [355]
Willoughby, his connection with Ray, [115]
Wolff, on cells, [240];
his best work, [211];
and epigenesis, [205];
and Haller, [211], [214];
opposed by Bonnet and Haller, [211];
his period in embryology, [205]-214;
personality, [214];
plate from his Theory of Generation, [210];
the Theoria Generationis, [210]
Wyman, Jeffries, on spontaneous generation, [289]
Z
Zittel, in palæontology, [338];
portrait, [339]

DARWINISM TO-DAY

By Prof. Vernon L. Kellogg, of Leland Stanford University Author of "American Insects," etc. 395 pp. and index. 8vo. $2.00 net; by mail, $2.15.

A simple and concise discussion for the educated layman of present-day scientific criticism of the Darwinian selection theories, together with concise accounts of the other more important proposed auxiliary and alternative theories of species-forming. With special notes and exact references to original sources and to the author's own observations and experiments.

"Its value cannot be overestimated. A book the student must have at hand at all times, and it takes the place of a whole library. No other writer has attempted to gather together the scattered literature of this vast subject, and none has subjected this literature to such uniformly trenchant and uniformly kindly criticism. Pledged to no theory of his own, and an investigator of the first rank, and master of a clear and forceful literary style, Professor Kellogg is especially well fitted to do justice to the many phases of present-day Darwinism."—David Starr Jordan in The Dial.

"May be unhesitatingly recommended to the student of biology as well as to the non-professional or even non-biological reader of intelligence ... gives a full, concise, fair and very readable exposition of the present status of evolution."—The Independent.

"Can write in English as brightly and as clearly as the old-time Frenchmen ... a book that the ordinary reader can read with thorough enjoyment and understanding and that the specialist can turn to with profit as well ... in his text he explains the controversy so that the plain man may understand it, while in the notes he adduces the evidence that the specialist requires. The whole matter is thoroughly digested and put in an absolutely intelligible manner ... a brilliant book that deserves general attention."—New York Sun.

"The balance-sheet of Darwinism is struck in this work ... the attack and the defense of Darwinism, well summarized ... the value of this book lies in its summing up of the Darwinian doctrines as they have been modified or verified down to date."—Literary Digest.