A history of land mammals in the western hemisphere

by William Berryman Scott

[18] Ibid., Bulletin 52, 1912, pp. 385, 386.

[19] K. von Zittel, Handbuch der Palaeontologie, Bd. IV, p. 132.

[20] Reports of the Princeton University Expeditions to Patagonia, Vol. IV, Pt. 3.

[21] W. K. Gregory, The Orders of Mammals; Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. History, Vol. XXVII, p. 211.

[22] M. Schlosser, Beiträge zur Kenntniss der Oligozänen Landsäugethiere aus dem Fayum, Vienna, 1911, p. 165.

[23] W. Waagen, Die Formenreihe des Ammonites subradiatus, Benecke’s Geognost.-Palæont. Beitr., Bd. I, pp. 185-186.

[24] M. Neumayr, Die Stämme des Thierreiches, Bd. I, p. 60.

GLOSSARY

• Acetabulum, the deep socket in the hip-bone for the head of the femur.
• Acromion, the projecting lower end of the spine of the shoulder-blade.
• Alisphenoid canal, canal in the base of the skull for the external carotid artery.
• †Allotheria, an extinct suborder of Mesozoic and Paleocene Marsupials.
• †Amblypoda, an extinct order of hoofed mammals.
• Anconeal fossa, a deep pit on the posterior side of the humerus, near the lower end.
• Anconeal process, see [Olecranon].
• †Ancylopoda, an extinct suborder of Perissodactyla.
• Angle, of the lower jaw, the postero-inferior corner.
• Angular process, a hook-like projection from the angle of the lower jaw.
• Anterior nares, the forward opening of the nasal passage.
• Anthropoidea, Monkeys, Apes, Man; suborder of Primates.
• Appendicular skeleton, bones of the limbs and limb-girdles.
• Araucanian, Pliocene of Argentina, including the Catamarca and Monte Hermoso.
• Artiodactyl, see [Artiodactyla].
• Artiodactyla, Cattle, Deer, Camels, Pigs, etc., etc., order of hoofed mammals.
• Ascending ramus, posterior, vertical portion of the lower jaw.
• Astragalus, the ankle-bone.
• Astraponotus Beds, upper Eocene or more probably, lower Oligocene of Patagonia.
• †Astrapotheria, an extinct order of hoofed mammals.
• Atlas, the first vertebra of the neck.
• Auditory bulla, one of a pair of inflated bony capsules at the base of the skull; the tympanic bone.
• Auditory meatus, the entrance to the bulla.
• Axial skeleton, the skull, backbone, ribs and breast-bone.
• Axis, the second vertebra of the neck.
• †Barytheria, an extinct order of elephant-like mammals.
• Biceps muscle, the large flexor muscle of the front of the upper arm; its contraction bends the elbow.
• Bicipital groove, a groove between the tuberosities of the humerus for the upper tendons of the biceps.
• Brachyodont, low-crowned teeth, with early-formed roots.
• Bridger stage, middle Eocene of N. W. America.
• Bunodont, teeth composed of conical tubercles.
• Calcaneum, the heel-bone.
• Cannon-bone, a compound bone formed by the coössification of two or more long bones of the foot.
• Cape Fairweather, marine Pliocene of Patagonia.
• Carnassial, a shearing, sectorial tooth in a flesh-eater.
• Carnivora, Wolves, Bears, Cats, etc., etc.; an order of placental mammals.
• Carnivorous, flesh-eating, predaceous.
• Carpal, one of the elements of the carpus.
• Carpus, the wrist-bones.
• Casa Mayor stage, terrestrial formation of Patagonia, probably Eocene.
• Catamarca, a Pliocene formation of Argentina.
• Caudal vertebræ, those of the tail.
• Central, a small carpal, wedged in between the two rows.
• Centrum, the body of a vertebra.
• Cervical vertebræ, those of the neck.
• Cetacea, Whales, etc.; a cohort of marine mammals.
• Chelodactyla, suborder of Perissodactyla.
• Chevron-bones, Y-shaped bones attached to the under side of the caudal vertebræ.
• Chevrotains, “Mouse Deer,” of the suborder Tragulina.
• Chiroptera, Bats, an order of placental mammals.
• Class, a group of the fifth order in classification.
• Clavicle, the collar-bone.
• Cnemial crest, a massive prominence on the front face of the tibia, near the upper end.
• Cohort, division of infraclass, containing a series of related orders.
• †Condylarthra, an extinct order of hoofed mammals.
• Condyle, a knob-like, articular protuberance.
• Convergence, or Convergent Evolution, similar forms resulting from two or more independent lines of descent.
• Coracoid, a hook-like bone, fused with the shoulder-blade in the higher mammals.
• Coronoid process, a projection in front of the condyle of the lower jaw, to which the temporal muscle is attached.
• Cotyles, concavities on the atlas to receive the occipital condyles of the skull.
• Cranium, the part of the skull above and behind the eyes, which lodges the brain and higher sense-organs.
• †Creodonta, an extinct suborder of the Carnivora.
• Cretaceous, third and last of the Mesozoic periods.
• Crown, the exposed part of a tooth.
• Deltoid crest, a ridge on the anterior face of the humerus for the attachment of the deltoid muscle.
• Dental formula, an arithmetical expression of the number and kinds of teeth.
• Dermoptera, Flying Lemur, order of placental mammals.
• Deseado stage, terrestrial formation of Patagonia, probably Oligocene.
• Didelphia, lower infraclass of the Eutheria.
• Digit, a finger or toe.
• Diprotodonta, Kangaroos, etc., a suborder of Marsupials.
• Dorsal vertebræ, those which carry ribs.
• Duplicidentata, Hares and Rabbits, suborder of Rodentia.
• Edentata, Sloths, Anteaters, etc., an order of placental mammals.
• Edentates, see [Edentata].
• †Embrithopoda, an extinct order of elephant-like mammals.
• Embryo, young animal in early stages of development within the uterus.
• †Entelonychia, extinct suborder of the †Toxodontia.
• Eocene, second of the five Tertiary epochs.
• Epicondylar foramen, perforation of the internal epicondyle for transmission of the ulnar nerve.
• Epicondyle, a rough prominence on each end of the humeral trochlea.
• Epiphysis, the ends of the long bones, which ossify separately and do not coalesce with the shaft until growth ceases.
• Equus Beds, see [Sheridan stage].
• Eutheria, the higher subclass of mammals; viviparous.
• Family, group of the third order in classification, typically containing several genera.
• Fauna, the totality of animals of a given time or place.
• Femur, the thigh-bone.
• Fibula, the external bone of the lower leg.
• Fissipedia, land-carnivores; suborder of the Carnivora.
• Flora, the totality of plants of a given time or place.
• Fœtus, young animal in the later stages of development within the uterus.
• Foramen, a perforation in a bone for the passage of a nerve or blood-vessel.
• Foramen magnum, the opening in the occiput for the passage of the spinal cord to the brain.
• Formation, a general term for a group of strata, laid down continuously and under uniform conditions.
• Frontal, one of a pair of bones which form the anterior part of the cranial roof; the forehead.
• Genus, group of the second order in classification, typically containing several species.
• Glenoid cavity, (of the squamosal) the articular surface for the condyle of the lower jaw; (of the scapula) the socket for the head of the humerus.
• Hallux, the first digit of the pes, or great toe.
• Herbivorous, plant-eating.
• †Homalodotheres, see [†Entelonychia].
• Horizontal ramus, the tooth-carrying part of the lower jaw.
• Humerus, the bone of the upper arm.
• Hyoid arch, a series of bony rods, attached to the base of the cranium, for support of the tongue.
• †Hyopsodonta, an extinct suborder of the Insectivora.
• Hypsodont, high-crowned teeth, with late-formed roots.
• Hyracoidea, Klipdases, an order of hoofed mammals.
• Ilium, the anterior element of the hip-bone.
• Inferior maxillary, the lower jaw.
• Infraclass, division of subclass.
• Insectivora, Moles, Shrews, etc., an order of placental mammals.
• Ischium, the postero-superior element of the hip-bone.
• John Day stage, upper Oligocene of N. W. America.
• Jugal, the cheek-bone. See [Malar].
• Jurassic, the second of the Mesozoic periods.
• Lachrymal, a small bone on the front edge of the orbit.
• Lachrymal foramen, a canal for the tear-duct piercing the lachrymal bone.
• Lemuroidea, Lemurs, suborder of the Primates.
• Lemurs, see [Lemuroidea].
• Limb-girdles, the bones which attach the limbs to the body.
• Lipotyphla, suborder of the Insectivora.
• †Litopterna, extinct order of hoofed mammals.
• Loricata, Armadillos and Glyptodonts; the armoured Edentates.
• Lumbar vertebræ, those of the loins.
• Lunar, the middle bone in the upper row of the carpus.
• Magnum, the middle bone in the lower row of the carpus; supports the third digit or middle finger.
• Malar, cheek-bone. See [Jugal].
• Malleolar bone, the lower end of the fibula, persisting as a separate bone after loss of the shaft.
• Malleolus, external, the lower end of the fibula.
• Malleolus, internal, process from the lower end of the tibia.
• Mammal, a warm-blooded vertebrate, which suckles its young.
• Mandible, the lower jaw.
• Manubrium, the anterior segment of the breast-bone.
• Manus, the hand or fore foot.
• Marsupial, see [Marsupialia].
• Marsupialia, Opossums, Kangaroos, etc., etc.; only order of the infraclass Didelphia.
• Marsupium, the hairy pouch in which the young Marsupials are carried.
• Masseter muscle, a muscle of mastication, attached to the lower jaw and inferior border of the zygomatic arch.
• Mastoid, that part of the periotic bone which is exposed on the surface of the skull.
• Mastoid process, a spine-like outgrowth of the mastoid.
• Maxillary, the upper jaw-bone.
• Medullary cavity, the marrow cavity of a long bone.
• Mesozoic, the middle era of geological time.
• Metacarpal, a member of the metacarpus.
• Metacarpus, the long bones of the manus, or fore foot.
• Metapodial, a metacarpal or metatarsal.
• Metatarsal, a member of the metatarsus.
• Metatarsus, the long bones of the pes, or hind foot.
• Miocene, the fourth of the Tertiary epochs.
• Monodelphia, placental mammals; the higher infraclass of the Eutheria.
• Monophyletic, derived from a single line of ancestry.
• Monotremata, Duck-billed Mole and Spiny Anteaters; the only existing order of the Prototheria.
• Monte Hermoso stage, upper Pliocene of Argentina.
• Mouse Deer, chevrotains; suborder Tragulina.
• Mystacoceti, Whalebone Whales; order of the Cetacea.
• Nasal, one of a pair of bones, forming the roof of the nasal passage.
• Navicular, central bone of the tarsus.
• Neural arch, the bony arch of a vertebra.
• Neural canal, the cavity in the arch, lodging the spinal cord.
• Neural spine, or spinous process, the projection arising from the summit of the neural arch.
• Notostylops Beds, see [Casa Mayor stage].
• Occipital condyles, a pair of knob-like protuberances from the occiput for articulation with the first vertebra.
• Occipital crest, an elevated bony ridge around the margin of the occiput.
• Occiput, the posterior surface of the skull.
• Odontoceti, Toothed Whales; order of Cetacea.
• Odontoid process, a peg-like projection from the body of the second vertebra, which fits into the ring of the first.
• Olecranon, the heavy projection from the upper end of the ulna, forming the point of the elbow.
• Oligocene, the third of the Tertiary epochs.
• Opposable, used of the thumb and great toe, when they can be opposed to the other digits.
• Orbit, the bony eye-socket.
• Order, a group of the fourth rank in classification, typically including many families.
• Oviparous, egg-laying.
• Palate, hard, the bony roof of the mouth.
• Palatine, one of a pair of bones which form the hinder part of the hard palate.
• Palatine process, a shelf-like projection of the maxillary, which forms most of the hard palate on each side.
• Paleocene, the oldest of the five Tertiary epochs.
• Palmate, form of antler in which the tines are fused into large plates.
• Pampean, Pleistocene, perhaps including the uppermost Pliocene, of Argentina.
• Parallelism, or Parallel Evolution, similar development of related, but separate series.
• Paraná stage, lower Pliocene (or perhaps upper Miocene) of Argentina.
• Parietal, one of a pair of large, vaulted bones, which form most of the sides and roof of the cranium.
• Paroccipital process, a bony projection from the infero-external angle of the occiput.
• Patagonian stage, marine lower Miocene of Patagonia.
• Patella, the knee-cap.
• Pecora, true Ruminants, suborder of Artiodactyla.
• Pelvic girdle, see [Pelvis].
• Pelvis, the hip-bones.
• Periotic, a small, dense bone, which lodges the internal labyrinth of the ear.
• Pes, the hind foot.
• Petrosal, see [Periotic].
• Phalanx, one of the joints of the fingers or toes.
• Pholidota, Pangolins or Scaly Anteaters; order of placental mammals.
• Phylum, a genetic series of ancestors and descendants within a family.
• Pilosa, Sloths, Anteaters, etc.; suborder of Edentata.
• Pinnipedia, Marine Carnivores; suborder of Carnivora.
• Pisiform, an accessory bone attached to the postero-external angle of the carpus.
• Placenta, a temporary structure connecting mother and fœtus, by means of which the fœtus is nourished in the womb.
• Placental, having a placenta; the Monodelphia.
• Pleistocene, the older of the two Quaternary epochs.
• Pliocene, the fifth and last of the Tertiary epochs.
• Pollex, the first digit of the manus, or thumb.
• Polyphyletic, derived from two or more distinct lines of ancestry.
• Polyprotodonta, Opossums, etc.; suborder of Marsupials.
• Posterior nares, the hinder opening of the nasal passage.
• Postglenoid process, a bony ridge behind the glenoid cavity of the squamosal to prevent backward dislocation of the jaw.
• Postorbital process, a bony projection from the frontal or jugal, bounding the eye-socket behind.
• Premaxillary, the anterior bone of the upper jaw, carrying the incisor teeth.
• Primates, Lemurs, Monkeys, Apes and Man; cohort and order of placental mammals.
• Proboscidea, Elephants, etc.; order of hoofed mammals.
• Process, a distinct prominence or projection of bone for the attachment of muscle or ligament.
• †Proglires, an extinct suborder of the Insectivora.
• Prototheria, most primitive subclass of mammals; oviparous.
• Pubis, the postero-inferior element of the hip-bone.
• Pyramidal, the external bone in the upper row of the carpus.
• †Pyrotheria, an extinct suborder of †Toxodontia.
• Pyrotherium Beds, see [Deseado stage].
• Radius, the internal bone of the fore-arm.
• Rodent, see [Rodentia].
• Rodentia, Gnawers; order of placental mammals.
• Rotular groove, a broad, shallow groove on the anterior face of the femur, near the lower end, in which the knee-cap glides.
• Round ligament, the ligament between the head of the femur and a pit in the acetabulum of the hip-bone.
• Sacral vertebræ, those of the sacrum.
• Sacrum, a bony mass of fused vertebræ, for the support of the hip-bones.
• Sagittal crest, a ridge of bone in the median line of the cranial roof, running forward from the occipital crest.
• Scaphoid, the inner bone in the upper row of the carpus.
• Scapho-lunar, a compound bone made up of the coalesced scaphoid, lunar and central.
• Scapula, the shoulder-blade.
• Section, primary division of a suborder.
• Sectorial, a carnassial or shearing tooth of a flesh-eater.
• Selenodont, teeth composed of crescent-shaped cusps.
• Shaft, the body of a long bone, comprising most of its length.
• Sheridan stage, older Pleistocene of the Great Plains.
• Shoulder-girdle, the bones to which the fore limb is attached.
• Simplicidentata, Squirrels, Rats, Porcupines, etc., etc.; suborder of Rodentia.
• Sinus, an air-cavity in one of the skull-bones.
• Sirenia, Sea Cows and Dugong; order of marine mammals.
• Species, the unit group in classification, made up of individuals which are most closely similar.
• Spine, (of the scapula) a bony ridge on the outside of the shoulder-blade; (of the tibia) a single or double prominence from the upper end of the shin-bone; (of a vertebra) the neural spine.
• Squamosal, a bone forming the posterior side-wall of the cranium.
• Sternal ribs, the inferior segments of the ribs, which articulate with the breast-bone.
• Sternum, the breast-bone.
• Stratum, a layer of bedded rock.
• Subclass, primary division of class.
• Subfamily, a group of related genera within the family.
• Subgenus, a group of related species within the genus.
• Suborder, primary division of order.
• Subspecies, a definite subdivision of a species.
• Suina, swine-like animals; suborder of Artiodactyla.
• Superfamily, a group of related families.
• Superorder, a group of related orders.
• Supinator ridge, a crest on the outer side, near the lower end of the humerus, for attachment of the supinator muscle.
• Symphysis, the line of junction of the two halves of the lower jaw.
• Synonym, a name improperly given to a genus or species already named.
• †Tæniodontia, an extinct order of clawed mammals.
• Tarsal, an element of the tarsus.
• Tarsus, the bones of the ankle-joint.
• Temporal muscle, a muscle of mastication attached to the side of the cranium and the coronoid process of the lower jaw.
• Tertiary, the more ancient of the two Cenozoic periods.
• Thoracic vertebræ, see [Dorsal].
• Thorax, the bony frame-work of the chest.
• Tibia, the shin-bone, internal bone of the lower leg.
• †Tillodontia, an extinct order of clawed mammals.
• †Toxodonta, an extinct suborder of the †Toxodontia.
• †Toxodontia, an extinct order of hoofed mammals.
• †Toxodonts, see [†Toxodonta].
• Tragulina, “Mouse Deer”; suborder of Artiodactyla.
• Transverse processes, projections from the sides of a vertebra.
• Trapezium, internal bone in the lower row of the carpus; supports the first digit, or thumb.
• Trapezoid, second bone in the lower row of the carpus; supports the second digit, or index finger.
• Triassic, first of the three Mesozoic periods.
• †Triconodonta, an extinct suborder of Mesozoic Marsupials.
• †Trituberculata, an extinct order of Mesozoic mammals.
• Trochanter, a projection from the femur.
• Trochanter, third, a hook-like process on the outer side of the shaft of the femur, near the middle of its length.
• Trochlea, the pulley-shaped lower end of the humerus for articulation with the fore-arm bones.
• Trunk vertebræ, those of the body, the dorsals and lumbars.
• Tubercle, an articular projection on a rib, connecting with the transverse process of a dorsal vertebra.
• Tuberosities (of the humerus), heavy projections from the upper end of the bone, in front of the head.
• Tubulidentata, the Aard Vark; an order of placental mammals.
• Tylopoda, Camels and Llamas; suborder of Artiodactyla.
• Tympanic, a bone forming the support of the ear-drum and usually inflated into a hollow capsule.
• †Typotheres, see [†Typotheria].
• †Typotheria, an extinct suborder of the †Toxodontia.
• Ulna, the external bone of the fore-arm.
• Unciform, the external bone in the lower row of the carpus; supports the fourth and fifth digits, or ring and little fingers.
• Unconformity, the relation between two groups of strata, one of which was deposited upon the worn surface or upturned edges of the other.
• Ungual phalanx, the terminal joint of a digit, which supports the claw, nail or hoof.
• Unguiculata, clawed mammals; cohort of Monodelphia.
• Ungulata, hoofed mammals; cohort of Monodelphia.
• Ungulates, see [Ungulata].
• Uterus, the womb.
• Vagina, the genital canal of the female.
• Variety, a more or less constant group within a species.
• Vertebra, a joint of the backbone.
• Vertebral column, the backbone.
• Viviparous, producing living young.
• †Zeuglodontia, an extinct order of Cetacea.
• Zygapophyses, the projecting processes, by means of which successive vertebræ are articulated together.
• Zygomatic arch, a bony bridge from the eye-socket to the hinder part of the cranium.