A history of land mammals in the western hemisphere

by William Berryman Scott

INDEX

N. B.—The most important references are in heavy-faced type; technical names of genera and species are italicized, though most of the specific names are omitted as unnecessary. Extinct groups are indicated by a dagger (†).

• Aard Vark, [60]
• †Abderites, [627], [641] (jaw fig.)
• †Achænodon, [273], [361], [369] (skull fig.), [370]
• †Achænodonts, Bridger, [369];
• Uinta, [369];
• Wasatch, [370]
• †Acœlodidæ, [477]
• Adaptive radiation, [655]
• †Adinotherium, [462], [473], [474] (restoration)
• †Adpithecus, [462]
• †Ælurocyon, [517], [551]
• †Ælurodon, [517], [527]
• Ælurus, [546]
• Africa, [184], [245], [328], [332], [417], [419], [421], [422], [426], [442], [458], [481], [551], [579], [642], [656];
• elephants of, [138];
• mammals of, [145];
• zoölogy of, [146]
• Agassiz, L., [129]
• Age, geological, [15]
• Agouti, [185] (fig.)
• Agouti, [183] (fig.), [185]
• Agoutis, Pleistocene, [218]
• †Agriochœridæ, [247], [250], [361], [383], [484], [652];
• Eocene, [383];
• John Day, [250], [383];
• Oligocene, [383];
• Uinta, [267], [385];
• White River, [268], [383]
• †Agriochœrids, see [†Agriochœridæ]
• †Agriochœrus, [252] (restoration), [361], [383] (skull fig.), [384] (restoration), [385] (manus fig.)
• Alachua stage, [127], [225]
• Alaska, [103], [106], [197], [199], [202], [203], [332], [418], [419], [420], [427], [433];
• †Mammoth in, [40];
• Miocene of, [118];
• Oligocene of, [113];
• Pleistocene glaciation in, [131];
• volcanoes, [133];
• Pliocene of, [125]
• †Albertogaudrya, [509], [512]
• Alce, [65], [151], [156] (fig.), [202], [208], [362], [411], [412]
• Allen, J. A., [141], [161]
• Alligators, [102]
• †Allothere, Paleocene., [642] (skull fig.)
• †Allotheria, [59], [627], [642]
• Alouatta, [578], [585]
• Alps, Arctic animals and plants of, [193];
• Eocene, [104]
• †Alticamelus, [224], [362], [388], [391];
• restoration, [236]
• Amazon, [585];
• as barrier to species, [137]
• †Amblypoda, [60], [443], [508];
• Bridger, [269], [445];
• Eocene, [443];
• Puerco, [286], [454];
• Torrejon, [285], [453];
• Wasatch, [277], [452];
• Wind River, [274], [450], [452]
• †Amblytatus, [592]
• Ameghino, F., [228], [263], [467], [471], [476], [496], [497], [613]
• America, connections of North and South, [123]
• American †Mastodon, [196];
• restoration, [195]
• Americas, marsupials of, [138]
• Amherst expedition, [487]
• Amphibia, [55];
• as ancestral to mammals, [643]
• †Amphicyon, [517], [524], [525], [530]
• †Amphicyons, [558]
• †Amphidolops, [627]
• †Amphiproviverra, [627], [637];
• skull fig., [637]
• †Amynodon, [272], [291], [340], [348], [349]
• †Amynodontinæ, [291], [340], [341], [346], [350], [351], [353];
• Bridger, [272], [350];
• Oligocene, [339];
• Uinta, [266], [348];
• White River, [255], [346].
• †Amynodonts, see [†Amynodontinæ]
• †Anacodon, [277], [554], [561]
• †Analcitherium, [592]
• †Anaptomorphidæ, [578], [583]
• †Anaptomorphus, [281], [578], [581];
• head restored, [581]
• †Anchitherium, [290], [299]
• Ancon sheep, [660]
• †Ancylopoda, [60], [291], [353];
• Bridger, [357];
• Miocene, [238], [355];
• Pliocene, [224], [355]
• Andes, [178], [179], [180], [185], [189], [211], [213], [322], [548];
• Eocene, [112];
• Miocene, [124];
• Pleist. glaciation, [133], [134];
• Plioc. 128, [129]
• Andrews, C. W., [422], [435]
• Antarctic continent, [103], [123], [638]
• Ant-Bear, [91], [187], [188] (fig.), [206], [591], [355], [600], [601], [615]
• Anteater, Collared, [187], [188] (fig.);
• Lesser, [591];
• tree, [591];
• Two-toed, [188]
• Anteaters, [60], [75], [94], [187], [189], [591], [593], [596];
• Pleistocene, [218], [596];
• Santa Cruz, [245], [596];
• scaly, [60], [353];
• spiny, [57], [59]
• Antelope, [202];
• bones of, [35];
• Mioc. restored, [237];
• Prong-horned, [5], [162] (fig.)
• Antelopes, [54], [60], [222], [312], [362], [409], [416], [418];
• flat-horned, [417];
• goat-horned, [417];
• Miocene, [235], [417];
• Old World, [202];
• Pleistocene, [202];
• Pliocene, [224];
• S. Amer., [213], [215], [221], [418], [466];
• strepsicerine, [225], [417];
• Tertiary, [419];
• twisted-horned, [417]
• †Anthracotheres, see [†Anthracotheriidæ]
• †Anthracotheriidæ, [259], [266], [361], [370], [381], [384], [386]
• †Anthracotherium, [259], [361], [371]
• Anthropoidea, [60], [578], [579], [580], [582]
• Anthropoids, see [Anthropoidea]
• Antigua, [134]
• Antilles, Eocene, [112];
• Miocene, [123];
• Oligocene, [117];
• Pliocene, [128]
• Antillia, [112];
• Oligocene, [117]
• Antilocapra, [162] (fig.), [202], [225], [362], [416], [417]
• Antilocapridæ, [362], [416]
• Antilopidæ, [416]
• Antler, [411]
• Antwerp, [37]
• Apar, [592]
• Apes, [60], [577], [578], [582], [583];
• night, [585]
• †Aphelops, [291]
• Aplodontia, [153], [233] (see [Sewellel])
• Aplodontiidæ, [249]
• Appalachian Mts., [101], [150], [153]
• Aquatic habits, [2]
• Araucanian stage, [128]
• Arboreal animals, [2], [77], [84]
• Archæan period, [15]
• †Archælurus, [249], [517], [541], [543]
• †Archæohyracidæ, [462]
• †Archæohyrax, [462]
• †Archæopithecidæ, [462], [477]
• †Archæotherium, [259], [361], [367];
• manus fig., [367];
• restoration, [252], [260];
• skull fig., [367];
• teeth fig., [368]
• Arctic, archipelago, [125];
• islands, [210];
• fauna in Pleisto., [128];
• mammals, [109];
• regions, [128];
• Cretac. climate of, [26];
• Sea, [106];
• shells, Pleisto., [27];
• species, distribution of, [141];
• zone, [147] (map), [148]
• †Arctocyonidæ, [554], [557], [561], [575];
• Torrejon, [285];
• Wasatch, [561]
• †Arctotherium, [211], [517], [549], [553];
• head restor., [549]
• Argentina, [180], [185], [211], [213], [215], [218], [219], [245], [324], [391], [418], [436], [463], [466], [531], [586], [596], [597];
• drought in, [33];
• plains of, [133];
• Pliocene of, [20], [128];
• spread of horses and cattle in, [142]
• †Argyrohippus, [476]
• Arid province, [164]
• Aridity, evidences of, [24]
• Arikaree age, or stage, [17], [120], [235], [259], [356]
• Armadillo, [5], [162], [591];
• 6-Banded, [189] (fig.), [592];
• 7-Banded, [592];
• 9-Banded, [190] (fig.), [592], [593];
• 11-Banded, [592];
• Bridger, [268], [616];
• Giant, [190], [592], [612], [656];
• Pygmy, [592];
• restoration of Santa Cruz, [243], [480]
• Armadillos, [60], [97], [141], [185], [189], [592], [593], [594], [595], [610], [623], [624], [625];
• Araucanian, [226];
• Casa Mayor, [282], [595];
• Deseado, [262], [595], [616];
• Paraná, [228];
• Pleistocene, [218], [596], [612], [613];
• Santa Cruz, [245], [596], [612].
• (See also [Dasypoda] and [Dasypodidæ])
• Artiodactyl, †primitive, restoration, [252]
• Artiodactyla, [54], [55], [60], [69], [247], [284], [310], [355], [358], [402], [459], [460], [491], [507], [514];
• Araucanian, [226], [227];
• Blanco, [222];
• Bridger, [273];
• classification, [361];
• John Day, [250];
• Miocene, [231], [235], [239];
• Neotropical, [176];
• North American, [176];
• Old World, [176], [362];
• Pleisto. N. Amer., [201];
• S. Amer., [213];
• Pliocene, [224];
• †Primitiva, [60], [361], [370];
• Uinta, [266];
• Wasatch, [281];
• White River, [255], [257];
• Wind River, [275]
• Ash, volcanic, [29]
• Asia, [106], [239], [254], [258], [280], [317], [321], [328], [332], [352], [355], [369], [386], [390], [408], [413], [414], [417], [418], [419], [422], [426], [546], [550], [552], [579], [644];
• circumpolar area, [148];
• elephants of, [138];
• hyracoids of, [138];
• Minor, [458];
• Pleisto. glaciation of, [130];
• zoölogy of, [146]
• †Asmodeus, [462]
• Asphalt, [31]
• Ass, [52]
• Asses, [213], [292], [308]
• †Asterostemma, [592], [623]
• Astragalus, [88]
• †Astraponotus, [509], [512];
• Beds, [20], [281], [282], [476], [479], [487]
• †Astrapothere, Santa Cruz, restoration of head, [243]
• †Astrapotheres, see [†Astrapotheria]
• †Astrapotheria, [60], [489], [508], [514];
• of †Astraponotus Beds, [282];
• Casa Mayor, [283], [512];
• Deseado, [264], [512];
• Patagonian, [512];
• Santa Cruz, [247], [508]
• †Astrapothericulus, [509], [512]
• †Astrapotheriidæ, [509]
• †Astrapotherium, [243] (restor. of head), [509], [510] (restor. of head)
• Ateles, [578], [584]
• Atlantic coast, Eocene, [104], [111], [117];
• Miocene, [117], [120];
• Oligocene, [113], [116];
• Paleocene, [101];
• Pliocene, [125];
• Tertiary mammals of, [369]
• Atlantic Ocean, [106], [109];
• connection with Pacific, [104]
• Atlas, [70] (fig.)
• Auditory bulla, [66]
• Australia, [14], [21], [57], [58], [138], [140], [307], [340], [426], [461], [520], [550], [634];
• marsupials of, [626];
• Miocene, [123];
• Permian glaciation, [25];
• Pleistocene, [632], [634];
• rabbits introduced, [142];
• zoölogical peculiarity of, [145]
• Australian region, [640]
• Axis, [71] (fig.)
• Axis, [46], [412]
• Azara, [34]
• Baboons, [577], [582]
• Bad Lands, [107] (fig.)
• Badger, [153], [162], [163], [168] (fig.), [517]
• Badgers, [174], [213], [518], [550], [551], [552];
• Pleistocene, [203], [204], [205]
• Bahia Blanca, [129]
• Bandicoots, [626]
• Barriers to spread of mammals, [139]
• †Barytheria, [60]
• Basal Eocene, [99]
• Bassariscus, [517], [546], [547]
• Bat, [89]
• Bates, H. W., [585]
• †Bathyopsis, [275], [443], [450], [451], [455]
• Bats, [59];
• absence from Amer. Tertiary, [39];
• in European Tertiary, [39];
• West Indian, [191]
• Bear, Alaska Brown, [156] (fig.);
• African, [548];
• Black, [90] (pes fig.), [548] (teeth fig.);
• Pampean, [622];
• Polar, [148] (fig.), [548];
• †Short-faced, [549] (restor. of head);
• South American, [552];
• Spectacled, [172] (fig.), [176], [517], [548]
• †Bear-dog, [222];
• Miocene, [525] (restoration);
• primitive, [523] (skull fig.)
• †Bear-dogs, [523], [524], [530], [554], [558];
• John Day, [249];
• Oligocene, [526];
• Pliocene, [222];
• Pleistocene, [524]
• Bears, [4], [59], [90], [152], [163], [517], [518], [519], [548], [553], [554];
• Old World, [204];
• Old World origin of, [518], [549];
• Paraná, [227];
• Pleistocene, [203], [204], [549];
• Pliocene, [223];
• polar, [141];
• †Short-faced, [210], [211], [517], [549];
• true, [211], [527], [549].
• (See also [Ursidæ])
• Beast, [1]
• Beasts of prey, [59], [92]
• Beaver, [2], [44], [157] (fig.);
• dentition, [96] (fig.);
• †Giant, [195] (restoration), [205], [311], [222]
• Beaver Creek, Wyo., [12] (fig.)
• Beavers, [60], [95], [153], [182];
• John Day, [249];
• Miocene, [238];
• Pliocene, [222];
• White River, [254]
• Beddard, F. E., [580], [587]
• Bedded rocks, [6]
• Bering, Sea, [100], [101];
• Strait, [197], [588];
• opening and closing of, [23];
• Pliocene, [125]
• Berridge, W. L., [160], [171], [174], [175], [181], [183], [184], [185], [189], [320], [584], [633]
• Bicuspids, [93]
• Big Horn Basin, [107], [108], [109]
• Bighorn, [419]
• Binomial system of nomenclature, [42]
• Biogenetic law, [648]
• Birds, [655];
• distribution of, [141];
• migrations of, [143];
• Santa Cruz, [244]
• Bison, [4], [152], [162], [358];
• American, [154] (fig.);
• entombment of, [36];
• European, [152], [154] (fig.);
• Wood, [162], [419]
• Bison, [202], [362], [420];
• B. bison, [152], [154] (fig.), [419];
• B. bonasus, [152], [154] (fig.), [420];
• B. †crassicornis, [203], [420];
• B. †latifrons, [203], [420];
• B. †occidentalis, [589]
• Bisons, [409], [416], [418], [419]
• Blanco age and stage, [17], [127], [221], [388], [413], [551]
• Blarina, [163], [173]
• Blastoceros, [180] (fig.)
• †Blastomeryx, [224], [241], [362], [414] (restoration), [657]
• Boar, Wild, [45] (fig. of sow and young), [46], [363]
• Bogs, burial of mammals in, [33]
• Bolivia, [178], [184], [215], [225], [436];
• Pleistocene, [20], [211];
• Pliocene, [129]
• Bones, gnawed, [36];
• Pleistocene, [40];
• preservation of, [36];
• Tertiary, [40]
• †Boöchœrus, [361], [367]
• Boreal, fauna, [178];
• region, [150];
• subregion, [150];
• zone, [147], [148] (map), [162], [164], [551], [588]
• †Borhyæna, [244], [494] (restoration), [627], [635], [637] (skull fig.)
• Borneo, [137], [327]
• †Borophagus, [517], [524], [530]
• Bos, [70]
• †Bothriodon, [252] (restoration), [259], [361], [370], [371] (restoration)
• Bovidæ, [362], [418]
• †Bow-Tooth, [463]
• Brachyodont teeth, [95]
• †Brachypsalis, [517]
• Brackett, C. F., [368]
• Bradypus, [186] (fig.), [187], [591]
• Brain-casts, fossil, [41]
• Brazil, [118], [181], [190], [201], [213], [215], [218], [219], [221], [245], [324], [391], [436], [527], [530], [552];
• caverns of, [19], [30], [133], [211], [218], [221], [586], [596];
• Miocene, [596];
• Pleistocene, [20]
• Brazilian subregion, [164], [170] (map), [191]
• Bridger age and stage, [17], [30], [109], [110], [340], [380], [386], [568];
• restorations of mammals, [271]
• British Columbia, Miocene, [118];
• Oligocene, [113];
• Pleistocene glaciation, [131];
• Pliocene, [125]
• Brocket, Wood, [181] (fig.)
• Brockets, [181]
• Brown, B., [210]
• Brown-tailed Moth, [143]
• Budorcas, [418]
• Buffalo, [36], [152]
• Buffaloes, [409], [416]
• Bulgaria, [316]
• †Bunælurus, [517], [551]
• Bunodont teeth, [360]
• †Bunomeryx, [361]
• Buno-selenodont teeth, [371]
• Buried valleys, [132]
• Burmeister, H., [496], [497]
• Burrowers, [45], [79]
• Burrowing mammals, [77]
• Bush-Dog, [174], [212], [527], [530], [552]
• Cabassous, [592], [614], [616]
• Cacajao, [578], [585]
• Cacomistle, [162], [517], [546]
• Cænolestes, [58], [190], [284], [626], [640] (skull fig.), [641], [642]
• Cænolestidæ, [627]
• †Cænopus, [238], [252] (restoration), [256] (do.), [291], [333], [336] (molar and skull fig.), [339] (front teeth fig.), [342], [351]
• †Calamodon, [274]
• Calcaneum, [88]
• California, Eocene, [104], [111];
• marine Pleisto., [132];
• Mesozoic, [23];
• Miocene, [118], [121], [127];
• Pliocene, [125]
• Callithrix, [218]
• Caluromys, [631]
• Cambrian period, [15];
• glaciation in, [25]
• Camel, [48], [54], [60], [70], [79], [358], [490];
• distribution, [138];
• family, [178];
• Miocene, [232] (restoration);
• tribe, [13];
• True, [178];
• White River, [252] (restor.)
• Camelidæ, [362], [386];
• distribution, [138]
• Camel-like animals, [386]
• Camels, [56], [81], [84], [87], [90], [257], [258], [312], [362], [373], [386], [421], [461], [651], [655];
• Bridger, [273], [398];
• browsing, [388], [393];
• Eocene, [397], [398], [402], [659];
• grazing, [393];
• John Day, [250], [394];
• Miocene, [231], [232], [235], [241], [391];
• Old World, [231];
• Oligocene, [394], [402], [659];
• phyla of, [650];
• Pleistocene, [196], [202];
• Pliocene, [224], [388];
• true, [13], [386], [387], [390], [391];
• Uinta, [267], [397];
• White River, [257], [394]
• Camelus, [70], [138], [362], [387]
• Canada, [257], [357], [565];
• Eocene climate, [111];
• Paleocene, [102];
• White River, [113];
• zoölogy, [146]
• Canadian fauna, [151];
• subregion, [147], [150]
• Canidæ, [173], [223], [517], [518], [520];
• fox-like, [529]
• (See also [Dogs])
• †Canimartes, [517]
• Canine teeth, [93]
• Canis, [152], [517], [522], [529];
• C. †dirus, restor., frontispiece, [204], [521];
• C. †indianensis, [204];
• C. latrans, [162], [165] (fig.), [632];
• C. nubilis, [159] (fig.);
• C. occidentalis, [62] (skull fig.), [64] (skull fig.), [162].
• (See [Wolves])
• Cannon-bone, [84], [91] (fig.), [410] (fig.)
• Cape Fairweather stage, [128]
• †Capromeryx, [362], [417]
• Capromys, [184]
• Capybara, [205].
• (See also [Carpincho] and [Water Hog])
• Capybaras, Pleistocene, [218]
• Carboniferous period, [15]
• Caribbean, region, Miocene, [123];
• Sea, Oligocene, [113]
• Caribou, [4], [181], [202], [207], [208], [210], [412], [413];
• Barren-ground, [148];
• Pleistocene, [27], [413];
• Woodland, [152], [157] (fig.)
• Carnivora, [43], [59], [83], [90], [244], [268], [282], [284], [285], [459], [516], [634];
• Araucanian, [226];
• Blanco, [222];
• Boreal, [152];
• distribution, [138];
• Eocene, [554];
• John Day, [249], [528];
• marine, [59];
• migration to S. Amer., [508], [518];
• Miocene, [229], [233], [238];
• Neotropical, [173];
• Pleistocene, N. Amer., [203], [210];
• S. Amer., [211];
• Plioc., [222];
• Sonoran, [163];
• Uinta, [265];
• White River, [254], [312]
• Carnivores, see [Carnivora]
• †Carolozittellia, [462], [488]
• Carpincho, [183] (fig.), [185].
• (See also [Capybara] and [Water Hog])
• Carpus, [82]
• Casa Mayor age and stage, [20], [112], [281], [488], [499], [512]
• Cascade Mts., [121];
• Oligocene craters of, [116]
• Castle, W. E., [657], [660]
• Castor, [96], [153], [157] (fig.)
• †Castoroides, [195], [205]
• Cat, [222];
• Domestic, [546] (manus fig.)
• Catamarca age and stage, [20], [129], [226]
• Catarrhina, [583], [587], [588]
• Cats, [54], [59], [90], [176], [517], [518], [519], [530], [532], [553], [568];
• cursorial, [543];
• Miocene, [545];
• Native, [634], [638], [640];
• Oligocene, [530];
• Pleistocene, [545];
• Pleisto. S. Amer., [211], [212];
• Pliocene, [223], [545];
• South America, [552];
• true, [249], [517], [530], [543].
• (See [Felidæ])
• Cattle, [95];
• spread of, [142]
• Caves as sources of fossil mammals, [30]
• Cavia, [183] (fig.), [185]
• Cavicornia, [328], [411], [412], [416], [421]
• Cavies, see [Caviidæ]
• Caviidæ, [185], [657];
• Araucanian, [226];
• Pleistocene, [218];
• Santa Cruz, [245]
• Cavy, Rock, [183] (fig.)
• Caxomistle, see [Cacomistle]
• Cebidæ, [172], [578], [584], [585]
• Cebus, [218], [578], [584] (fig.), [585]
• Celebes, [579]
• Cement, [96]
• Cenozoic era, [15], [16], [17], [18], [99];
• South America, [19]
• Centetes, [173]
• Central, [83]
• Central America, [123], [164], [178], [179], [320], [585];
• Eocene, [104], [112];
• geology, [120];
• mammals, [141];
• Oligocene, [113], [117];
• Paleocene, [103];
• tapirs, [137];
• Tertiary, [22];
• zoölogy, [146]
• Central American subregion, [164], [170] (map), [191]
• Cerdocyon, [171] (fig.), [174], [517], [552]
• †Cervalces, [195] (restoration), [208], [209] (restoration), [362], [413]
• Cervicornia, [411], [421]
• Cervidæ, [362], [411], [661];
• Neotropical, [179].
• (See also [Deer])
• Cervulus, [412]
• Cervus, [208], [362];
• C. canadensis, [151], [155] (fig.), [202], [208], [411], [412];
• C. elaphus, [151];
• C. eustephanus, [151].
• (See [Deer])
• Cetacea, [60], [442];
• Miocene, [123], [125]
• Chætomys, [184]
• †Chalicothere, [240] (restoration), [356] (manus fig.)
• †Chalicotheres, see [†Chalicotheriidæ]
• †Chalicotheriidæ, [60], [247], [291], [354], [383], [385], [458], [484], [651];
• Bridger, [357];
• John Day, [250], [357];
• Miocene, [231], [235], [238], [356];
• White River, [257], [357]
• †Chalicotherium, [354]
• Chamberlin, T. C., [130]
• Chamois group, [202], [417];
• subfamily, [152]
• †Champsosaurus, [102]
• Cheeta, [542], [543]
• Chelodactyla, [60], [290]
• Chevron-bones, [73]
• Chevrotains, [54], [60], [408]
• (see also [Mouse-Deer] and [Tragulina])
• Chili, [124], [184], [436];
• marine rocks, [112];
• Pleistocene, [20];
• Pleisto. glaciation, [133]
• Chilian subregion, [164], [170] (map)
• Chinchilla, [184] (fig.), [185]
• Chinchilla-family, Araucanian, [226]
• Chinchillas, [185];
• Santa Cruz, [245]
• Chipmunks, [141], [153]
• Chironectes, [626], [627]
• Chiroptera, [59]
• Chlamydophorus, [190], [592]
• †Chlamydotherium, [218], [592], [596], [612], [614]
• Cholœpus, [74], [187] (fig.), [591]
• Chronology, geological, [10];
• of rocks, [6]
• Civet cats, [518], [558]
• (see [Viverridæ])
• †Cladoclinus, [627]
• †Cladosictis, [243] (restoration), [627], [638], [639] (restoration)
• †Clænodon, [554], [561]
• Classification of mammals, [50]
• Clavicle, [77] (fig.)
• Clawed mammals, [59], [74], [456], [459], [460], [492], [514]
• Climate, as barrier to species, [140];
• determining distribution, [24];
• Cretaceous, [26];
• Eocene, [109], [448];
• Miocene, [122];
• Mioc. of Patagonia, [124], [244], [586];
• Oligocene, [116];
• Paleocene, [102];
• Pleistocene, [116], [134], [192];
• Pliocene, [127];
• vicissitudes of, [100]
• Climatic changes, [14];
• affecting distribution, [140];
• evidences of, [24];
• Pleisto., effects on migrations, [207]
• Coast Range, elevation, [122];
• Miocene, [113], [125]
• Coati, [162]
• Coatis, [76], [213], [517], [546], [552]
• †Cochlops, [592]
• Coendou, [182] (fig.), [184]
• †Colodon, [257], [291], [327]
• Colombia, [626], [640]
• †Colonoceras, [272], [291], [347], [350]
• Colouration, animal, [45]
• †Colpodon, [462]
• Columbia River valley, Miocene, [118]
• Comparative Anatomy, [647]
• Conard Fissure, [30], [210]
• †Condylarth, [278] (restoration), [457] (skeleton fig.), [459] (restoration)
• †Condylarthra, [60], [443], [456], [484], [492], [499], [508], [514], [515], [653];
• Puerco, [286], [460];
• Torrejon, [285], [459];
• Wasatch, [277], [457];
• Wind River, [274], [456]
• Condylura, [152]
• Conepatus, [174] (fig.), [213], [517], [552]
• Conies, [60], [458], [481]
• Conifers, [103]
• Continental deposits, Eocene, [106], [112];
• Miocene, [120];
• Oligocene, [113], [117];
• Paleocene, [101];
• Pliocene, [127], [128]
• Continental islands, [140]
• Continuity of development, [660]
• Convergence, [650], [653], [655], [656]
• Cope, E. D., [306], [343], [399], [400], [401]
• Coracoid, [76]
• †Coryphodon, [275], [277], [279] (restoration), [285], [443], [452], [454], [456]
• †Coryphodontidæ, [285], [443], [454];
• lower Eocene, [456]
• †Coryphodonts, see [†Coryphodontidæ]
• Costa Rica, [181];
• Pliocene, [128]
• Cotton-rats, [163]
• Coyote, [162], [165] (fig.)
• Coyotes, Pleistocene, [218]
• †Cramauchenia, [489]
• †Creodont, [252] (restoration), [563] (restoration)
• †Creodonta, [59], [516], [519], [527], [529], [554], [574];
• Bridger, [268], [271] (restoration);
• Eocene, [633];
• Paleocene, [633];
• Puerco, [286];
• Torrejon, [285];
• Uinta, [265];
• Wasatch, [276];
• White River, [253];
• Wind River, [274].
• (See [Flesh-eaters])
• Cretaceous period, [15], [16], [103], [112], [117], [261], [281], [443], [460], [514], [642], [643];
• climate, [26]
• Crocodiles, [122], [244];
• absent from John Day, [116];
• Eocene, [111];
• Paleocene, [284];
• White River, [116]
• Crown of tooth, [95]
• Crustal movements, Miocene, [122]
• Ctenomys, [184]
• Cuba, [173], [185];
• junction with Central America, [128], [598];
• Miocene, [123];
• Pleistocene, [134], [604];
• Pliocene, [128], [605]
• Cuboid, [89]
• Culebra Cut, Tertiary rocks, [22]
• Cuneiform, [83], [89]
• Cuvier, G., [44], [654]
• Cyclopes, [591]
• †Cyclopidius, [361], [376]
• †Cynodesmus, [517], [522] (skull fig.), [523], [530]
• †Cynodictis, [254], [517], [529] (restoration), [530], [547]
• Cyon, [213], [517], [527]
• †Cyonasua, [517]
• Dama, [412]
• †Daphœnodon, [517], [525] (restoration), [526], [530]
• †Daphœnus, [254], [517], [523] (skull fig.), [524] (manus and teeth fig.), [526], [528], [530], [537], [546]
• Darwin, C., [33], [35], [52], [136], [137], [143], [193], [217], [463], [489], [490], [491], [492]
• Dasypoda, [189], [592], [610].
• (See also [Armadillos])
• Dasypodidæ, [592]
• Dasyprocta, [185] (fig.)
• Dasypus, [189] (fig.), [592], [611], [614], [616]
• Dasyures, Australian, [638]
• Dasyuridæ, [632], [634], [640]
• Deep River age and stage, [17], [121], [233]
• Deer, [46], [54], [60], [95] (molar fig.), [222], [312], [319], [360] (molar fig.), [362], [409], [411], [461];
• American, [153], [162], [202], [208], [409], [412], [414], [420], [657];
• Axis, [412];
• Barking, [412];
• Black-tailed, [5], [202];
• Chinese Water-, [412];
• earliest, [658];
• Fallow, [412];
• Florida, [179] (fig.);
• Hog, [412];
• hornless, [414];
• Marsh, [179], [180] (fig.);
• Miocene, [232], [235], [414] (restoration);
• Mule, [46] (fawns fig.), [167] (fig.);
• Musk-, [224], [412], [658];
• Neotropical, [179];
• North American, [179];
• Old World, [151], [179], [181], [202], [412], [415];
• Pampas, [180];
• Patagonian, [91] (pes fig.), [410] (manus and pes fig.);
• Pleistocene, [202], [208], [412];
• Pleisto., S. Amer., [213], [215];
• Pliocene, [224], [226];
• South American, [415], [418], [466];
• southern, [412], [413];
• Tertiary, [412], [419];
• Virginia, [4], [166] (fig.), [179], [202], [412]
• †Deer-Antelopes, [202], [224], [362], [417];
• Miocene, [232], [235], [414], [415] (restoration);
• Pleistocene, [417]
• Degu, [184]
• †Deltatherium, [554]
• Dental formula, [93]
• Dentine, [96]
• Deposits, continental (see [Continental deposits]);
• lake, [37];
• river, [36]
• Dermoptera, [59]
• Deseado age and stage, [20], [117], [282], [283], [474], [475], [477], [479], [481], [485], [486], [487], [508], [511], [512], [586], [587]
• Desiccation, Miocene and Pliocene, [128]
• †Desmathyus, [361]
• †Desmatippus, [290]
• †Deuterotherium, [489]
• Development, convergent, [446], [499];
• parallel, [499];
• per saltum, [661].
• (See also [Evolution])
• Devonian period, [15];
• glaciation in, [25]
• Dhole, [213], [249], [517], [527], [530]
• †Diadiaphorus, [248], [489], [501] (skull fig.), [502] (restoration), [503] (pes fig.), [505], [507], [508]
• †Diceratheres, see [†Diceratherium]
• †Diceratherium, [238], [239] (restoration), [250], [256], [291], [333], [334], [350], [444]
• Dicerorhinus, [327], [329]
• †Dichobunidæ, [361], [398]
• Didelphia, [57], [59], [626]
• Didelphiidæ, [627], [630]
• Didelphis, [161], [626], [627], [631];
• D. marsupialis, [161] (fig.), [631]
• †Didolodidæ, [489]
• †Didolodus, [489]
• †Didymictis, [555], [558]
• Digit, [90]
• Digital reduction, [658]
• Digitigrade, [90]
• †Dinictis, [254], [517], [538], [539] (restoration), [541] (pes fig.), [542], [546]
• †Dinocerata, [443]
• †Dinocynops, [517]
• †Dinocyon, [524]
• †Dinohyus, [239], [361], [366]
• †Dinosaurs, [103], [284]
• †Dinotheres, see [†Dinotherium]
• †Dinotherium, [435], [438], [486]
• †Diplacodon, [266], [291], [313], [317] (head restored)
• Dipodomys, [163] (fig.)
• Diprotodonta, [59], [627], [640];
• Deseado, [642];
• Paraná, [641];
• Pleistocene, [641];
• Pliocene, [641];
• Santa Cruz, [640], [641];
• South American, [640]
• Discontinuity of development, [660]
• Dispersal of species, [143]
• †Dissacus, [554], [560]
• Distribution, discontinuous, [127], [138], [193];
• geographical, of mammals, [135]
• Divergence, see [Evolution]
• †Dœdicurus, [212] (restoration), [219], [618], [619] (restoration)
• Dog, [90], [553];
• family, [558];
• fox-like, [529] (restoration)
• Dogs, [90], [173], [517], [519], [520], [548], [553], [554], [558];
• Blanco, [522];
• early, [550];
• John Day, [249], [523], [528], [529];
• Miocene, [229], [234], [238], [522], [527], [528], [529];
• Oligocene, [523], [547], [553];
• Paraná, [227];
• Pleistocene, [521];
• Pleisto., S. Amer., [212];
• Pliocene, [522];
• Plioc. S. Amer., [226];
• †primitive, [537];
• †short-faced, [530];
• South American, [552];
• Uinta, [265];
• White River, [254], [529].
• (See also [Canidæ])
• †Dolichorhinus, [272], [291]
• Dolichotis, [185]
• Dolphins, [37], [60], [94], [656];
• Miocene, [123]
• Domesticated plants, history of, [288]
• Douroucoulis, [578], [585]
• Drainage, the Pleistocene changes of, [132]
• Drift-sheets, [25], [132]
• †Dromocyon, [269] (restoration), [271] (restoration), [554], [559]
• †Dromomeryx, [235], [237] (restoration), [362], [417]
• Drought, effects of on mammals, [33]
• Duck-billed Mole, [57], [59]
• Dugong, [60], [442]
• Duplicidentata, [59]
• Dust, volcanic, [29];
• wind-blown, [33]
• East Indian Archipelago, [191]
• Echidna, [57]
• Echimys, [184]
• Ecuador, [178], [284], [391], [548], [626], [640];
• Pleistocene, [20], [211];
• Pliocene, [129]
• Edentata, [60], [72], [75], [91], [97], [120], [185], [267], [355], [591];
• Araucanian, [226];
• armoured, [60], [592], [610];
• Casa Mayor, [283], [592], [595];
• Deseado, [261], [595];
• distribution, [138];
• Eocene, N. Amer., [597], [616];
• hairy, [60], [591];
• Old World, [185], [591];
• Paraná, [227];
• Pleisto., N. Amer., [205];
• Pleisto., S. Amer., [218], [596];
• Plioc., N. Amer., [225], [597];
• Plioc., S. Amer., [226], [596];
• Santa Cruz, [245], [596];
• South American, [276], [625]
• Edentates, see [Edentata]
• †Edvardocopeia, [509]
• Egg-laying mammals, [59]
• Egypt, [254], [370], [422], [432], [442], [450], [587];
• Eocene, [234];
• Oligocene, [234], [264], [583]
• Ei-á, [585]
• Eigenmann, C. H., [654]
• †Elachoceras, [443], [449], (skull fig.), [450], [451], [455]
• †Elasmotherium, [350], [351]
• Elephant, [590];
• African, [423] (molar fig.);
• †Columbian, [195] (restoration), [197], [198] (restoration), [427], [430];
• East African, [425];
• †Imperial, [199], [427], [485];
• Indian, [97] (section of tooth fig.), [197], [423], [425] (manus fig.), [426] (section of fore foot fig.);
• tribe, [82];
• West African, [425]
• Elephantidæ, [432]
• Elephants, [45], [60], [73], [91], [92], [95], [97], [215], [264], [312], [436], [446], [448], [465], [487], [654];
• American, [430];
• cranial bones of, [63];
• distribution, [138];
• hairy, [448],
• proboscis of, [65];
• Pleistocene, [196], [211], [426];
• Siberian Pleisto., [39];
• true, [423], [438], [439];
• tusks of, [97]
• Elephas, [436], [437] (head and tooth fig.);
• E. †columbi, [195] (restoration), [197], [198] (restoration), [427];
• E. †imperator, [199], [427], [485];
• E. maximus, [97] (section of molar fig.), [197], [423], [425] (manus fig.);
• E. †primigenius, [196], [207], [332], [426]
• Elk, [50], [141], [151], [155] (fig.);
• Scandinavian, [151]
• Elms, [102]
• †Embrithopoda, [60]
• Embryology, [648]
• Emigrants from N. Amer. to Old World, [255], [256], [456]
• Enamel, [96]
• England, early Man in, [588];
• Paleocene flora, [103];
• Pliocene, [127]
• †Enhydrocyon, [517], [528], [530]
• †Entelodon, [369]
• †Entelodontidæ, [250], [361], [366], [445];
• Wasatch, [281]
• †Entelodonts, see [†Entelodontidæ], also [†Giant Pigs]
• †Entelonychia, [60], [247], [462], [482], [652];
• Casa Mayor, [282];
• Deseado, [263].
• (See also [†Homalodotheres])
• Entrerios, [128]
• †Eoanthropus, [588]
• †Eobasileus, [443], [449], [451], [455]
• †Eocardia, [243]
• Eocene epoch, [17], [104];
• climate of, [26];
• close of, [111];
• Europe, [262], [370], [452], [562], [661];
• North America, [104], [105] (map), [201], [250], [251], [253], [273], [287], [291], [325], [369], [421], [519], [529], [554], [557], [574], [644];
• South America, [20], [112], [261], [281], [477], [481], [482], [485], [487], [488], [508], [509], [512], [514], [625], [642]
• †Eodidelphys, [627]
• †Eohippus, [280], [290], [302], [303] (restoration), [304], [305] (skull fig.), [307] (manus and pes fig.), [308]
• †Eohyus, [281]
• †Eomoropus, [291], [357]
• †Eotitanops, [275], [291], [315]
• †Eotylopus, [257], [362]
• †Epigaulus, [223] (restoration)
• †Epihippus, [290], [301], [302]
• †Epithelium, [227], [489], [508]
• Epoch, geological, [15]
• †Eporeodon, [361], [375], [379]
• Equidæ, [290], [291].
• (See also [Horses])
• Equus, [95], [199], [213], [223], [291], [295], [305] (skull fig.), [306] (manus and pes fig.);
• American species, [296];
• E. asinus, [52];
• E. burchelli, [200];
• E. caballus, [52], [199], [213], [295];
• E. †fraternus, [199];
• E. †giganteus, [200], [201], [295];
• E. †occidentalis, [200];
• E. †pacificus, [201];
• E. †pectinatus, [200];
• E. przewalskii, [52], [292] (fig.);
• E. †scotti, [195] (restoration), [200] (do.);
• E. †semiplicatus, [200];
• South American species, [307];
• E. †tau, [199], [295]
• Equus Beds, [33], [131], [133], [200], [205].
• (See [Sheridan])
• Era, geological, [15]
• Erethizon, [151] (fig.), [153], [182], [184], [205]
• †Eriodes, [578]
• Ermine, [152], [159] (fig.)
• Ethiopian region, [146]
• †Euceratherium, [202], [362], [418]
• †Eucholœops, [607]
• †Eucinepeltus, [592], [623]
• †Euprotogonia, [457], [459]
• Eurasia, [110], [548]
• Europe, [253], [254], [255], [267], [272], [276], [277], [280], [281], [284], [287], [291], [303], [323], [324], [325], [340], [350], [351], [354], [356], [357], [369], [370], [380], [417], [418], [419], [421], [422], [432], [435], [452], [456], [486], [534], [538], [543], [545], [546], [552], [554], [557], [561], [642], [644];
• caverns of, [30];
• circumpolar area, [148];
• Eocene, [104];
• Eoc. separation from Asia, [104];
• human habitation of, [588];
• loess of, [133];
• mammals of, [145];
• †Mammoth in, [197];
• pre-Eocene immigration into, [108];
• Miocene, [235];
• Mioc. climate, [122];
• Pleisto. glaciation, [133];
• tapirs in, [138];
• Triassic, [642];
• zoölogy of, [146]
• †Eusmilus, [254], [517], [538]
• †Eutatus, [592], [596], [612], [613]
• Eutheria, [57], [59]
• †Eutrachytherus, [263], [462], [477]
• Extinction of species, [13], [211]
• Evolution, of †Amblypoda, [454];
• of camels, [400];
• convergent, [649], [650], [655];
• of †Creodonta, [574];
• divergent, [18], [139], [650], [655];
• of Fissipedia, [553];
• of horses, [305], [325], [400];
• irreversibility of, [541], [656];
• modes of Mammalian, [645];
• of †oreodonts, [381];
• parallel, [393], [649], [655];
• of Proboscidea, [436], [437] (diagram);
• of rhinoceroses, [351];
• of tapirs, [324];
• of †titanotheres, [316], [325]
• Fallow Deer, [46]
• Families, distribution of, [138]
• Fauna, [56];
• Araucanian, [226];
• Bridger, [265], [267], [273], [315];
• Deseado, [261], [638];
• mid. Eocene, [267];
• John Day, [249];
• low Miocene, [237];
• Neotropical, [283], [610];
• Oligocene, [237];
• Paraná, [227];
• Pleistocene, N. America, [193], [207];
• Pleisto., S. Amer., [211], [226], [597];
• Puerco, [285];
• Santa Cruz, [26], [124], [242], [638];
• Torrejon, [284];
• Uinta, [265], [273];
• Wasatch, [276];
• White River, [251], [265], [266];
• Wind River, [274], [275], [315]
• Faunas, Casa Mayor, [281], [283];
• Eocene, N. Amer., [265];
• Eoc., S. Amer., [281];
• Miocene, [229];
• Oligocene, N. Amer., [249];
• Oligo., S. Amer., [261];
• Paleocene, [283], [286], [644];
• Pliocene, N. Amer., [221];
• Plioc., S. Amer., [225];
• Quaternary, N. Amer., [193];
• Quat., S. Amer., [211];
• successive mammalian, [192];
• Tertiary, [221];
• Tertiary, S. Amer., [461]
• Fawns, [46] (fig.)
• Fayûm, [432]
• Felidæ, [54], [517], [518], [530]
• Felinæ, [54], [254], [535], [542], [543], [650];
• Miocene, [229], [234], [238], [541], [545];
• origin of, [659];
• Pleistocene, [204], [545];
• Pliocene, [545]
• Felis, [54], [517], [543], [545], [546];
• F. †atrox, [204], [545];
• F. concolor, [168] (fig.), [544] (skull fig.), [545] (dentition fig.);
• F. domestica, [546] (manus fig.);
• F. †imperialis, [204];
• F. leo, [204];
• F. onca, [176], [177] (fig.), [552];
• F. pardalis, [176] (fig.), [552]
• Femur, [84], [85] (fig.)
• Ferret, Black-footed, [160] (fig.)
• Fiber, [153]
• Fibula, [86], [87] (fig.)
• Field-mice, [141]
• Filhol, H., [534]
• Fisher, [152]
• Fishers, [141], [518]
• Fishes, Florissant, [121];
• Green River, [109];
• Panama marine, [23];
• South American fresh-water, [652];
• teeth of, [92]
• Fissipedia, [59], [516], [517], [553], [554], [555], [556], [557], [558], [563], [576]
• Flesh-eaters, †primitive, [59], [554];
• Santa Cruz, [637]
• Florida, island, [122];
• Miocene, [117];
• Oligocene, [113];
• Paleocene, [101];
• Pliocene, [125], [127]
• Florissant formation, [121]
• Flower, W. H., [389], [390], [411], [412], [419]
• Flying Lemur, [59]
• Forests, Oligocene, [538];
• Paleocene, [102];
• petrified, [122]
• Fort Union stage, [17], [99], [102], [642]
• Fossils, [7], [29];
• classification, [55];
• entombment, [29];
• evidence of climate, [25];
• mammals, [61]
• Fossorial habits, [2]
• Fox, [191];
• Arctic, [148], [149] (fig.), [150] (fig.);
• Grey, [165] (fig.), [517];
• Red, [158] (fig.), [517]
• Foxes, [141], [173], [518], [520], [530], [552];
• grey, [162];
• Pleistocene, [204];
• red, [152];
• White River, [254], [529]
• France, [256], [333], [364], [441], [574];
• Eocene, of, [108];
• Oligocene, [617]
• Frankstown Cave, [30]
• Friasian fauna, [509]
• Fürbringer, M., [655]
• Gait, varieties of, [90]
• Galapagos Archipelago, [136]
• †Ganodonta, [625]
• †Garzonia, [627], [641] (jaw fig.)
• †Garzoniidæ, [627]
• Gazelle, bones of, [35]
• †Gazelle-Camel, [241], [242] (restoration), [393], [394], [408]
• Genera, origin of, [654]
• Generic area, [137]
• Genetic series, [56]
• Genetics, [648]
• Genus, [53]
• Geographical changes affecting distribution, [139]
• Geology, [5]
• Geomys, [163]
• Geomyidæ, [265]
• †Giant Pig, [252] (restoration), [260] (do.)
• †Giant Pigs, [250], [259], [266], [361], [366];
• Bridger, [273], [370];
• John Day, [259], [367];
• Miocene, [239], [366], [369];
• Oligocene, [281], [368];
• Uinta, [369];
• Wasatch, [281], [370];
• White River, [259], [367]
• Gidley, J. W., [33], [202], [642]
• Giraffe, [70], [79], [358], [389]
• †Giraffe-Camel, [236] (restoration), [391], [392] (restor.)
• †Giraffe-camels, [235], [388], [394];
• Miocene, [231], [241], [394];
• Pliocene, [224], [388]
• Giraffes, [54], [389], [409], [411]
• Glacial, accumulations, [25];
• climate, [25], [26];
• periods, [14], [25];
• stages, [17], [130];
• theory, [129]
• Glaciation, Pleistocene, [25], [130];
• causes of, [134]
• Glaciers, Pleistocene, [131]
• †Glossotherium, [602]
• †Glyptodon, [212] (restoration), [219], [592], [618], [619] (restor.), [621]
• †Glyptodont, Santa Cruz, [243] (restoration), [606] (do.)
• †Glyptodontia, [60], [245], [246], [592], [593], [594], [595], [617];
• Araucanian, [226];
• Astraponotus, [281], [595], [625];
• Deseado, [262], [595];
• Pampean, [212] (restorations), [619] (restorations), [623];
• Paraná, [227];
• Pleistocene, N. Amer., [205], [206], [211], [597], [598];
• Pleisto., S. Amer., [218], [221], [596], [597], [620], [624];
• Pliocene, N. Amer., [221], [225], [596];
• Plioc., S. Amer., [596], [622], [624];
• Santa Cruz, [245], [596], [622], [623]
• †Glyptodontidæ, [592]
• †Glyptodonts, see [†Glyptodontia]
• †Glyptotherium, [221], [592]
• Gnawing mammals, [59]
• Goat, Rocky Mt., [152], [158] (fig.), [202], [416]
• Goats, [362], [409], [416]
• †Gomphotherium, [229], [430], [431] (head restored), [434], [436], [437] (head and molar fig.), [438], [439]
• Gopher, †Horned, [223] (restoration)
• Grasses, [273];
• Paleocene, [284]
• Grassy plains, spread of, [233]
• †Gravigrada, [91], [120], [355], [591], [592], [598], [612];
• Pleistocene, N. Amer., [205], [597];
• Pleisto., S. Amer., [218], [598];
• Santa Cruz, [605], [607], [609], [610].
• (See also [†Ground-Sloths])
• Great Basin, [322];
• Pleistocene of, [131]
• Great Britain, [21], [140], [418]
• Great Plains, [33], [200], [229], [235], [322], [386], [432];
• Miocene, [121];
• Oligocene climate, [116];
• Pleistocene, [131]
• Greenland, [101], [103], [210];
• Pliocene, [125]
• Green River stage, [109]
• Gregory, J. W., [35]
• Gregory, W. K., [641]
• Grison, [175] (fig.), [517], [552]
• †Ground-Sloth, giant, [195] (restoration), [603] (restoration);
• Pleistocene of Cuba, [598];
• Santa Cruz, [243] (restor.), [606] (restor.);
• skin of, [40], [602]
• †Ground-Sloths, [75], [91], [120], [267], [355], [591], [592], [593], [594], [595], [598];
• Araucanian, [226];
• Astraponotus, [595];
• Casa Mayor, [284], [595];
• Deseado, [262], [595];
• Miocene, [609];
• Mioc., N. Amer., [597];
• Pampean, [212] (restoration), [220] (do.), [605], [608], [609];
• Paraná, [227];
• Pleistocene, N. Amer., [205], [206], [211], [219], [597];
• Pleisto., S. Amer., [218], [219], [221], [596], [598], [604], [605];
• Pliocene. N. Amer., [221], [225], [597];
• Plioc., S. Amer., [596], [598];
• Santa Cruz, [245], [246], [596], [598], [605], [608], [609].
• (See also [†Gravigrada])
• Ground-squirrels, [164], [181]
• †Grypotherium, [592], [602]
• Guanaco, [60], [139], [178], [389] (fig.), [399] (skull and tooth fig.), [400] (manus fig.), [401] (pes fig.), [490], [491];
• destruction by cold, [36];
• distribution, [138]
• Guiana, [179]
• Guianas, Miocene, [596]
• Guinea-Pig, [185];
• four-toed race, [657], [660]
• Gulf-coast, Eocene, [104], [111], [117];
• Miocene, [117];
• Pliocene, [125]
• Gulf of Mexico, Eocene, [106], [113];
• Oligocene, [113], [117];
• Paleocene, [101]
• Gulf Stream, Oligocene, [113]
• Gulo, [152], [155] (fig.), [237], [517]
• Gypsy Moth, [143]
• Haeckel, E., [648]
• Hairless skin, [45]
• Halicore, [442]
• †Halmarhiphus, [627]
• Handwriting, development of, [9], [13], [14]
• Hapale, [578]
• Hapalidæ, [172], [578], [582], [583]
• †Hapalops, [243] (restoration), [592], [605], [606] (restor.), [609] (pes fig.)
• Hare, Arctic, [150]
• Hares, [59], [181], [245], [249];
• Miocene, [229], [238];
• Plioc., N. Amer., [222];
• Plioc., S. Amer., [226];
• tailless, or whistling, [153]
• †Harpagolestes, [554], [559], [560], [571]
• Harrison stage, [120], [235]
• Hatcher, J. B., [337], [523], [524]
• Hayti, [173], [185];
• junction with Centr. Amer., [128];
• Miocene, [123];
• Pliocene, [128]
• Hedgehogs, [59], [276];
• White River, [253]
• †Hegetotheriidæ, [462], [472]
• †Hegetotherium, [462], [479]
• †Helaletes, [272], [291]
• †Helohyus, [273], [361], [365]
• †Hemiacodon, [578]
• †Hemipsalodon, [253], [565]
• †Henricosbornia, [462]
• †Heptodon, [275], [291], [327]
• Herbivora, [516]
• Herbivorous mammals, [45];
• large, [44]
• †Hipparion, [291]
• †Hippidion, [212] (restoration), [213], [214] (restor.), [291], [296], [307], [308] (skeleton fig.)
• Hippocamelus, [91] (pes fig.), [180], [410] (manus and pes fig.)
• Hippopotamus, [45], [54], [60], [70], [92], [358], [654]
• Hogs, ruminating, [372]
• Holarctic region, [146], [147], [150], [588]
• †Homacodon, [273], [361], [398]
• †Homalodontotheriidæ, [462];
• Casa Mayor, [283]
• †Homalodontotherium, [462], [482]
• †Homalodothere, [482]
• †Homalodotheres, [462], [482], [509]
• †Homo heidelbergensis, [588];
• H. †neanderthalensis, [588];
• H. sapiens, [588]
• †Homunculus, [578], [586]
• Hoofed animals, [74], [77], [81], [83], [89], [312], [313], [461];
• Araucanian, [227];
• Bridger, [269], [273];
• Casa Mayor, [282];
• clawed, [651];
• Deseado, [262], [264];
• massive, [654];
• Miocene, [229], [234];
• Paraná, [228];
• Pleistocene, N. Amer., [199];
• Pleisto., S. Amer., [213];
• †primitive, [492];
• Santa Cruz, [246];
• Torrejon, [285];
• Uinta, [273];
• Wasatch, [277];
• Wind River, [274]
• (see [Ungulata])
• Hoofed mammal, clawed, [484]
• Hoofed mammals, [60], [456], [459], [460];
• even-toed, [54], [60];
• odd-toed, [60];
• White River, [255]
• (see [Ungulata])
• Hooker, J., [193]
• †Hoplophoneus, [252] (restoration), [517], [535], [536] (restoration), [539], [540], [543]
• Horn-cores, [416]
• Horse, [44], [48], [52], [62], [76] (scapula fig.), [79] (humerus fig.), [81] (fore-arm bones fig.), [85] (femur fig.), [87] (leg-bones fig.), [95] (molar fig.), [294], (manus and pes fig.), [359];
• Asiatic Wild, [52], [292] (fig.);
• †Dawn, [302], [303] (restoration);
• †forest, [200];
• †Pampas, [212] (restoration), [214] (restoration), [308] (skeleton fig.);
• †Texas, [195] (restoration), [200] (restoration);
• †three-toed grazing, [298] (restoration);
• True, [199], [213], [295];
• †White River, [252] (restoration), [300] (restoration).
• (See also [Equus])
• Horses, [56], [60], [81], [95], [97], [289], [290], [291], [312], [319], [330], [353], [360], [382], [397], [458], [461], [499], [504], [651], [653], [655], [656], [658], [661];
• Blanco, [222];
• bones of, [33];
• Bridger, [272], [302];
• browsing, [223], [231], [235], [297], [298];
• Eocene, [304], [307];
• grazing, [223], [231], [235], [297], [298];
• John Day, [299];
• Miocene, [295], [297], [298], [231], [232], [234], [238], [301];
• North American, [39];
• Oligocene, [299];
• phyla of, [289], [650];
• Pleistocene, N. Amer., [199], [208], [211], [213], [221], [295], [304], [307];
• Pleisto., S. Amer., [213], [215], [307];
• Pliocene, [223], [295], [307], [331];
• South American, [307];
• spread of, [142], [143];
• three-toed, [33], [501];
• tridactyl, [658];
• true, [292], [308];
• Uinta, [301];
• Wasatch, [280], [302];
• White River, [257], [299], [300];
• Wind River, [275], [302], [303], [396].
• (See also [Equidæ])
• Horsfall, R. B., [42]
• Hrdlička, A., [589]
• Hudsonian fauna, [151]
• Hudson’s Bay slope, interglacial forests, [131]
• Huemul, [180]
• Humerus, [78] (fig.)
• Humid province, [164]
• Humidity, effect on distribution, [141]
• Hungary, [316]
• Hutias, [184]
• Huxley, T. H., [28]
• Hyænidæ, [518]
• †Hyænodon, [252] (restoration), [253], [555], [562], [563] (restoration), [564] (skeleton fig.), [565] (teeth fig.), [566] (teeth fig.), [567], [576]
• †Hyænodont, primitive, [567] (restoration)
• †Hyænodontidæ, [253], [555], [557], [562], [565] (teeth fig.), [566] (teeth fig.), [569], [573], [575];
• Bridger, [268];
• Eocene, [254], [566], [576];
• Wind River, [274]
• †Hyænodonts, see [†Hyænodontidæ]
• †Hyænognathus, [522], [524], [530]
• Hydrochærus, [183] (fig.), [185], [205]
• Hydropotes, [412]
• Hyena, bones of, [35]
• †Hyena-dogs, [222], [249], [527], [530]
• Hyenas, [518], [527], [553], [554]
• Hyoid arch, [67]
• †Hyopsodonta, [59]
• †Hyperhippidium, [213], [291], [307]
• †Hyperleptus, [607]
• †Hypertragulidæ, [267], [362], [386], [402], [414];
• Eocene, [408];
• John Day, [251], [404], [407];
• Miocene, [241], [258], [404];
• White River, [258], [406], [408]
• †Hypertragulids, see [†Hypertragulidæ]
• †Hypertragulus, [241], [258], [267], [362], [407], [408]
• †Hypisodus, [258], [362], [408]
• †Hypohippus, [291], [297], [300]
• Hypsodont teeth, [95] (fig.);
• prevalence of, [232]
• †Hyrachyus, [271] (restoration), [272], [291], [339], [344] (restor.), [345] (skull fig.), [346], [349], [350]
• †Hyracodon, [252] (restoration), [255], [266], [291], [341] (restor.), [343] (manus fig.)
• †Hyracodontidæ, [291], [403]
• †Hyracodontinæ, [291], [340], [341], [346], [350], [351], [352];
• Bridger, [272], [343];
• Eocene, [342];
• Uinta, [266], [343];
• White River, [255], [256], [341];
• Wind River, [275], [276], [344]
• †Hyracodonts, see [Hyracodontinæ]
• Hyracoidea, [60], [458], [481], [492], [514];
• distribution, [138]
• Hystricomorpha, [245], [262]
• Ice Age, [25]
• Ichthyomys, [182]
• Icticyon, [174], [212], [517], [527], [552]
• †Ideodidelphys, [627]
• Ihering, H. von, [124]
• †Ilingoceros, [362]
• Ilium, [77]
• Immigrants from Old World to N. America, [229], [276], [279], [316], [365], [370], [386], [416], [417];
• artiodactyls, [201], [202], [259];
• bison, [420];
• Carnivora, [203];
• felines, [258];
• †hyænodonts, [254];
• insectivores, [253];
• mustelines, [238], [254];
• otters, [234];
• Proboscidea, [422];
• rhinoceroses, [234];
• sheep, [419];
• from North to South America, [171], [211], [226], [227], [242], [461];
• from South to North America, [205], [206], [233]
• Immigration, [266];
• Eocene, [324];
• Miocene, [233];
• Pleistocene, [151];
• Pliocene, [151]
• Incisors, [93]
• India, [14], [213], [327], [390], [412], [418], [430], [527], [542], [551];
• Permian glaciation of, [25]
• Indian Ocean, [442]
• Indians, pre-Columbian, [590]
• †Indrodon, [580]
• Insect-eaters, [92]
• Insectivora, [59], [191], [249], [459], [580];
• Bridger, [268];
• Miocene, [238];
• Neotropical, [172];
• Paleocene, [284];
• Puerco, [286];
• Santa Cruz, [245], [587];
• Torrejon, [285];
• Uinta, [265];
• Wasatch, [276];
• White River, [253];
• Wind River, [274]
• Insectivores, see [Insectivora]
• Inserts, [141];
• Florissant, [121];
• Green River, [109]
• Interglacial stages, [17], [130], [207];
• climate of, [134];
• mammals of, [131]
• †Interatheriidæ, [462], [476], [479]
• †Interatherium, [462], [481], [636] (restoration)
• Irreversibility of evolution, [541], [656]
• †Ischyrocyon, [517]
• †Ischyromyids, Bridger, [270];
• Uinta, [265];
• Wasatch, [280]
• †Ischyromys, [254]
• †Isectolophus, [291]
• †Isotemnidæ, [462], [485]
• †Isotemnus, [462]
• Isthmian region, geology, [120];
• Pliocene, [128]
• Isthmus of Panama, [170];
• geology, [21], [22];
• Miocene, [123];
• Oligocene, [117], [123];
• Pleistocene, [122], [134]
• Jackal, bones of, [35]
• Jaguar, [176], [177] (fig.), [212], [545], [552]
• Jamaica, Miocene, [123];
• mongoose introduced, [142]
• Japan, [135]
• Java, [21], [140], [327]
• Jefferson, T., [206], [597]
• Jerboas, [90]
• John Day age and stage, [17], [30], [116], [375], [543]
• Jumping Mouse, [153], [160] (fig.);
• mice, [182];
• shrews, [59]
• Jurassic period, [15], [16], [642], [643]
• Kangaroo-rats, [163] (fig.), [182];
• Miocene, [238]
• Kangaroos, [59], [626], [640]
• Kinkajou, [175] (fig.), [517], [546], [552]
• Klipdasses, [458], [481]
• Knight, C. R., [42], [470], [478], [480], [481], [494], [502], [506], [606], [636], [639]
• Kowalevsky, W., [233], [503]
• Kudu, [225]
• Labrador, Pliocene, [125]
• Lagidium, [185]
• Lake, Argentine, [36];
• Bonneville, [131];
• Callabonna, [34];
• Lahontan, [131];
• Ontario, invasion by sea, [132]
• Lakes, relation to glaciation, [132];
• sediments of, [37]
• Lama, [138], [362], [388];
• L. huanacus, [178], [389] (fig.);
• L. vicunia, [178] (fig.)
• †Lambdaconus, [489]
• †Lambdotherium, [275], [291], [315]
• Land-bridges, [18]
• Land-connections, how ascertained, [20];
• Cuba and Centr. Amer., [128];
• Hayti and Centr. Amer., [128];
• N. Amer. and Asia, [18], [125], [588];
• N. Amer. and Europe, [18], [106], [108], [109], [118], [120];
• N. Amer. and Old World, [21], [23], [109], [115], [249], [251], [267], [276], [287];
• N. and S. Amer., [100], [120], [123], [233];
• S. Amer. and Africa, [103], [112], [124], [587];
• S. Amer. and Antarctica, [112], [124];
• S. Amer. and Australia, [103], [123], [638];
• S. Amer. and Old World, [262];
• West Indies and Mediterranean lands, [120]
• La Plata, estuary, [34]
• Last Hope Inlet, [60]
• Latax, [517]
• Lava-fields, the Columbia River, [121], [127]
• Lavas, Miocene, [118], [121], [122];
• Pleistocene, [133];
• Pliocene, [127]
• Leche, W., [63]
• Leidy, J., [372]
• Lemming, [148]
• Lemmings, [141], [153]
• Lemur, †monkey-like, [581] (head restored)
• Lemur, [578]
• Lemuroidea, [60], [284], [459], [577], [578], [588];
• Bridger, [270], [578];
• Eocene, [579];
• Wasatch, [281], [580];
• Wind River, [275]
• †Leontiniidæ, [462], [475]
• †Leontinia, [263] (head restored), [462], [475]
• Leopard, [45];
• Hunting, [543]
• †Leptarctus, [517], [547]
• †Leptauchenia, [258], [361], [377] (skull fig.), [378] (restoration), [381]
• †Leptochœridæ, [361]
• †Leptochœrus, [361]
• †Leptomeryx, [258], [267], [362], [407] (skull fig.), [409], [563] (restoration), [657]
• †Leptoreodon, [362]
• †Leptotragulus, [267], [362]
• Lepus, [164]
• †Lestodon, [602]
• †Limnocyon, [555], [573]
• Linnæan system, [51], [56], [57]
• Linnæus, C., [1], [51], [52], [55], [578]
• Lion, [45], [48], [92], [204];
• cubs, [46]
• Lions, [210], [212]
• Lipotyphla, [59]
• †Listriodon, [364]
• †Litopterna, [60], [469], [489], [514], [651], [653];
• Araucanian, [227];
• Casa Mayor, [283];
• Deseado, [264];
• Pampean, [212] (restoration), [216] (do.);
• Paraná, [228];
• Pleistocene, [215], [221];
• Santa Cruz, [243] (restorations), [247]
• Lizards, [102];
• Santa Cruz, [244]
• Llama, [54], [60], [490], [491];
• distribution, [138]
• Llama-like animals, [386]
• Llamas, [13], [90], [241], [257], [362], [386], [388], [390], [391], [421], [461];
• Pleistocene, N. Amer., [196], [202];
• Pleisto., S. Amer., [213], [215];
• Pliocene, [224];
• South American, [231]
• Loess, [133]
• Loncheres, [184]
• Loomis, F. B., [487]
• †Lophiodontidæ, [257], [272], [291], [319], [325], [326], [341], [343], [348];
• Eocene, [326];
• Oligocene, [339];
• Wasatch 280, [326];
• White River, [257], [326];
• Wind River, [275], [315]
• †Lophiodonts, see [†Lophiodontidæ]
• Loricata, [592], [610]
• Loup Fork age and stage, [17], [121]
• Loup River stage, [127]
• Lower Sonoran zone, [148], [164]
• Lowest Eocene, [99]
• Loxodonta, [423] (molar fig.)
• Lucas, F. A., [337]
• Lull, R., [437]
• Lunar, [83]
• Lutra, [152], [160] (fig.), [164], [175], [213], [517], [551]
• Lutreola, [152] (fig.)
• Lydekker, R., [150], [181], [389], [390], [411], [412], [419]
• Lyncodon, [175], [552]
• Lynx, [153], [163], [169] (fig.), [517], [544] (dentition fig.)
• Lynxes, [141], [176], [543], [544], [552];
• Pleistocene, [204]
• †Machairodontinæ, [54], [530], [535], [542];
• cursorial, [543];
• Oligocene, [535]
• †Machairodonts, see [Machairodontinæ], also see [†Sabre-tooth tigers]
• †Machairodus, [517], [534] (skull fig.), [536]
• †Machairoides, [555], [573]
• †Macrauchenia, [212] (restoration), [215], [216] (do.), [217], [227], [248], [489], [493], [495], [496] (skull fig.), [497] (do.), [498]
• †Macrauchenid, Santa Cruz, [494] (restoration)
• †Macrauchenidæ, [248], [489], [496] (skull fig.), [497] (do.), [651];
• Deseado, [264], [499];
• Eocene, [499];
• Paraná, [228], [496];
• Pleistocene, [489];
• Pliocene, [493];
• Santa Cruz, [248], [493]
• †Macrotherium, [354]
• Madagascar, [173], [530];
• Pleistocene, [579];
• zoölogy of, [146]
• Magnum, [83]
• Malagasy region, [146]
• Malay Archipelago, [146], [191], [580];
• islands, [281], [327], [408];
• Peninsula, [137], [281]
• Malleolar bone, [87]
• Mammal, defined, [1]
• Mammalia, classification, [50];
• evolution of, [645];
• geographical distribution, [135];
• skeleton and teeth of, [61]
• †Mammoth, [39], [196], [207], [332], [426], [427], [429];
• Siberian, [44]
• Man, [60], [62], [66], [76] (scapula fig.), [77] (clavicle fig.), [79] (humerus fig.), [80] (fore-arm bones fig.), [82] (manus fig.), [84], [88] (pes fig.), [90], [93], [577], [578], [582];
• American Pleistocene, [589];
• European Palæolithic, [197];
• European Pleistocene, [39], [588];
• origin of, [588];
• in Western Hemisphere, [588]
• Manatee, [207], [442]
• Manatus, [442]
• †Manteoceras, [272], [317] (head restored)
• Manus, [82] (fig.)
• Maples, [102]
• Mara, [185]
• Marine, fauna, Miocene, [117];
• Oligocene, [117];
• Pliocene, [127];
• habit, [2];
• mammals, [37], [45];
• rocks, [37];
• shells, Pleistocene, [132];
• Pliocene of England, [127]
• Marmosa, [632]
• Marmoset, [584] (fig.)
• Marmosets, [172], [578], [582], [583]
• Marmot, [150], [152] (fig.)
• Marmota, [152] (fig.), [153]
• Marmots, [60], [141], [153], [181], [245];
• Miocene, [229];
• Pliocene, [222]
• Marsh, O. C., [318]
• Marsupial, †allotherian, [286] (head restored), predaceous, Santa Cruz, [243] (restoration), [494] (do.), [636] (do.), [639] (do.)
• Marsupialia, [43], [57], [59], [459], [626];
• Araucanian, [226], [634];
• Australian, [145], [632], [638];
• Bridger, [268];
• carnivorous, [59];
• Casa Mayor, [282], [638], [642];
• Deseado, [261], [638], [642];
• distribution, [138];
• flesh-eating, [553];
• herbivorous, [59];
• insectivorous, [59];
• Miocene, S. Amer., [226];
• Paleocene, [284];
• Paraná, [227], [634], [641];
• predaceous, [627], [632];
• Puerco, [286], [642];
• Santa Cruz, [244], [635], [640];
• South American, [190], [638];
• Torrejon, [285], [642];
• Wasatch, [276];
• White River, [251]
• Marten, [551]
• Martens, [152], [231], [517], [550], [551];
• Miocene, [229];
• Pleistocene, [204]
• Martes, [517]
• †Mastodon, [207], [426], [590];
• American, [195] (restoration), [196], [207], [229] (molar fig.), [428], (restoration), [429], [437] (head fig.), [438], [439], [448];
• Miocene, [431] (head restored)
• †Mastodon, [429], [430], [437] (head and molar fig.);
• †M. americanus, see [†Mastodon, American];
• †M. andium, [436]
• †Mastodons, [60], [264], [430], [438];
• Blanco, [222];
• early, [432];
• Miocene, [229], [234];
• Pleistocene, N. Amer., [196], [211];
• Pleisto., S. Amer., [215], [221], [436];
• Pliocene, [225];
• Tertiary, [429]
• Matthew, W. D., [241], [257], [407], [409], [414], [531], [532], [540], [542], [546], [547], [565], [566], [657], [659]
• Mazama, [180], [181] (fig.), [362]
• Meadow-mice, [153], [182], [218]
• Mediterranean, Eocene, [104], [106]
• †Megalictis, [517], [551]
• †Megalocnus, [592], [604]
• †Megalonychidæ, [592], [598], [610]
• †Megalonychotherium, [592]
• †Megalonyx, [195] (restoration), [206], [219], [221], [592], [597], [604], [607]
• †Megamys, [226]
• †Megatheriidæ, [591], [598], [607]
• †Megatherium, [206], [212] (restoration), [220] (do.), [591], [597], [599], [602], [604], [608]
• Mellivora, [551]
• †Meniscotheriidæ, [457], [458]
• †Meniscotherium, [457], [458], [459] (restoration)
• Menotyphla, [59]
• Mephitis, [153], [167] (fig.), [517], [552]
• Merriam, C. H., [140], [141], [147], [148], [150], [161]
• Merriam, J. C., [31], [32], [538], [543]
• †Merychippus, [291], [297], [298]
• †Merychyus, [232], [361], [372], [373], [374], [377], [381], [382]
• †Merycochœrus, [241], [361], [372], [373] (head restored), [374], [376], [381], [382] (manus fig.)
• †Merycodontidæ, [362], [414]
• †Merycodus, [224], [362], [414], [415] (restoration), [417]
• †Merycoidodon, [252] (restoration), [258], [259] (do.), [361], [379] (skull fig.), [382] (manus fig.), [536] (restoration)
• †Mesatirhinus, [271] (restoration), [314] (do.)
• Mesaxonic symmetry, [359]
• †Mesocyon, [517], [528], [530]
• †Mesohippus, [252] (restoration), [290], [300] (restor.), [302], [305] (skull fig.), [308] (manus and pes fig.), [326], [342], [343], [396], [397], [505]
• †Mesonychid, [269] (restoration), [271] (do.)
• †Mesonychidæ, [554], [556], [558], [574];
• Bridger, [268], [559];
• Torrejon, [285], [560];
• Uinta, [265], [559];
• Wasatch, [277], [560];
• Wind River, [274]
• †Mesonyx, [554], [559] (teeth fig.), [561]
• †Mesoreodon, [361], [372], [378]
• Mesozoic era, [15], [16], [18], [23], [103], [284], [574], [632], [643]
• Metacarpal, [84]
• Metacarpus, [83]
• †Metacheiromys, [592], [616]
• †Metamynodon, [255], [291], [346], [347] (restoration), [352], [510]
• Metapodial, [90]
• Metatarsal, [89]
• Metatarsus, [89]
• Metatheria, [626]
• †Meteutatus, [592]
• Mexico, [33], [179], [181], [199], [200], [207], [229], [419], [427], [585];
• Eocene, [104];
• lowlands, [142], [146], [164];
• mammals, [135], [141], [142];
• Miocene, [118], [121];
• plateau, [142];
• Pliocene, [125]
• †Miacidæ, [527], [530], [554], [555], [556], [557], [562], [576];
• Bridger, [268];
• Torrejon, [285];
• Uinta, [519], [558];
• Wasatch, [277], [279];
• Wind River, [274]
• †Miacis, [555], [558]
• Mice, [60], [244];
• groove-toothed, [182];
• John Day, [249];
• jumping, [182];
• Miocene, [229];
• Pleistocene, S. Amer., [218];
• vesper, [182];
• white-footed, [153], [164], [182];
• White River, [254]
• †Microbiotherium, [627]
• Microtus, [153], [218]
• Midas, [578]
• Migration, of birds, [143];
• of mammals, [18], [19], [143];
• of †hyænodonts, [567];
• between N. and S. Amer., [129];
• Oligocene, [254];
• Pleistocene, [207], [211];
• pre-Wasatch, [108];
• of Proboscidea, [441];
• White River, [116]
• Milk-dentition, [94]
• Mink, [152] (fig.)
• Minks, [213], [518], [550];
• Pleistocene, [204]
• Miocene epoch, [17], [33], [112];
• North America, [117], [119] (map), [233], [249], [251], [284], [386], [420], [421], [438], [554], [658], [661];
• European, [235], [364], [435], [441], [550];
• South American, [20], [123], [242], [261], [553], [640]
• †Miohippus, [290], [299]
• †Miolabis, [362], [391]
• Mississippi, Embayment, [104], [117];
• Valley, loess of, [133]
• Missouri River, drowning of bison in, [36]
• Mitchell, P. Chalmers, [52]
• †Mœritherium, [434], [437] (head and molar fig.), [438], [439], [440], [441], [442], [450]
• Molars, [93]
• Mole, [2];
• Star-nosed, [152]
• Moles, [59], [77], [89];
• American, [163];
• Bridger, [268];
• golden, [245];
• White River, [253]
• Mole-shrews, [153]
• Mongoose, [142]
• Monkeys, [2], [60], [141], [282], [283], [284], [577], [578], [582];
• Bridger, [270];
• eastern hemisphere, [172];
• howling, [578], [585];
• Neotropical, [172], [586];
• New World, [583], [587];
• Old World, [583], [587];
• Pleistocene, [218], [586];
• Santa Cruz, [245], [586], [587];
• South American, [578], [583], [587];
• spider, [578], [584];
• Wind River, [275]
• Monodelphia, [58], [59], [145]
• Monotremata, [59];
• distribution, [138]
• Monte Hermoso age and stage, [20], [129], [226], [479], [499], [508], [634]
• Moose, [4], [65], [141], [151], [156] (fig.), [181], [202], [208], [411], [412], [413]
• Moraine, Great Terminal, [131]
• Moraines, [25]
• †Moropus, [238], [240] (restoration), [291], [356] (manus fig.)
• †Morphippus, [462]
• Moschus, [412]
• Mt. Hood, [121];
• Kenya, [134];
• Tacoma, [121]
• Mountain Lion, [153], [168] (fig.)
• Mountain ranges, as barriers to mammals, [142];
• history of, [23]
• Mouse, Jumping, [153], [160] (fig.)
• Mouse-Deer, [54], [60], [358], [408].
• (See also [Chevrotains] and [Tragulina])
• †Multituberculata, [642]
• Mummies of Pleistocene rodents, [40]
• Muntjac, Indian, [412]
• Muntjacs, [412], [414], [658]
• Musk-Ox, [148], [149] (fig.), [202], [207], [211], [418]
• Musk-Oxen, [27], [141], [208], [210]
• Muskrat, [2], [151], [153], [182]
• Mustela, [159] (fig.), [160] (fig.), [517]
• Mustelidæ, [174], [222], [265], [517], [518], [550], [553], [554];
• John Day, [249];
• Miocene, [238], [551];
• Old World origin, [550];
• Pleistocene, [551];
• Pleisto., S. Amer., [213];
• Pliocene, [223], [551];
• South American, [552];
• White River, [254], [551]
• Mustelines, see [Mustelidæ]
• Mutation, [662]
• Mycetes, [585]
• †Mylagaulidæ, [222], [229], [233]
• †Mylagaulids, see [†Mylagaulidæ]
• †Mylodon, [206], [212] (restoration), [219], [592], [597], [601], [602], [603] (restoration), [604], [607], [608] (pes fig.)
• †Mylodontidæ, [206], [592], [598], [602];
• Deseado, [610];
• Santa Cruz, [605], [607], [609]
• †Mylodonts, see [†Mylodontidæ]
• Myocastor, [184]
• Myodes, [153]
• Myrmecophaga, [91], [187], [188] (fig.), [206], [355], [591], [600]
• Myrmecophagidæ, [591]
• Mystacoceti, [60]
• Nasua, [162], [176], [213], [517], [546], [552]
• Nasuas, [141]
• Navicular, [88]
• Navidad formation, [124]
• †Necrolestidæ, [245]
• †Nematherium, [592], [607]
• Neogæa, [145]
• Neogæic realm, [146], [164]
• †Neohipparion, [33], [291], [298] (restoration), [299] (skeleton fig.)
• †Neoplagiaulax, [627]
• Neotoma, [153], [164]
• †Neotragocerus, [362]
• Neotropical region, [146], [147], [164], [170] (map), [322], [363], [418], [436], [461], [552], [583], [591], [630]
• †Nesodon, [243] (restoration), [462], [467] (skull fig.), [470] (restoration), [473] (pes fig.), [474], [475], [478], [482], [483], [498], [510], [511]
• Neumayr, M., [663]
• New Guinea, [634]
• New York Zoölogical Society, [148], [149], [150], [151], [152], [154-169], [176-180], [182], [183], [186], [188], [189], [190], [292], [389], [584]
• Newfoundland, Pliocene, [125]
• New Zealand, [284];
• Miocene, [123]
• Nicaragua, [218]
• †Nimravus, [249], [541], [542] (skull fig.), [543]
• Nomenclature, [50]
• North America, the circumpolar area, [148];
• mammals of, [145];
• zoölogical divisions, [146], [147] (map)
• †Notharctidæ, [578]
• †Notharctus, [578], [579]
• †Nothocyon, [530]
• †Nothrotherium, [592]
• †Notohippidæ, [262], [462], [475]
• Notohippus, [462], [476]
• Notopithecidæ, [462]
• †Notopithecus, [462]
• †Notostylopidæ, [282], [462], [485]
• †Notostylops, [462]
• Notostylops Beds, [20], [281]
• Notoungulata, [461], [489]
• Nova Scotia, Pliocene, [125]
• Nyctipithecus, [578], [585]
• Oaks, [102]
• Ocelot, [176] (fig.), [212], [552]
• Ochotona, [153]
• Octodon, [184]
• Octodontidæ, [184]
• †Octodontherium, [262]
• Odocoileus, [95] (molar fig.), [153], [162], [202], [208], [360] (molar fig.), [362], [413];
• O. hemionus, [46] (fawns fig.), [167] (fig.);
• O. virginianus, [166] (fig.), [179], [412];
• O. virg. osceola, [179] (fig.)
• Odontoceti, [60]
• Okapi, [45]
• Old World, [101], [258], [266], [295], [327], [331], [332], [335], [341], [351], [353], [358], [386], [390], [413], [420], [426], [518], [550], [554], [558], [562], [583];
• camels, [138];
• horses, [201];
• mammals, [120], [121], [142];
• separation from N. A., [146]
• †Oligobunis, [517], [551]
• Oligocene epoch, [17];
• Europe, [324], [352], [370], [543], [552], [661];
• North America, [113], [114] (map), [204], [224], [265], [287], [378], [576], [658];
• South America, [20], [117], [282], [456], [485], [508], [512], [625]
• †Omomys, [578]
• †Onohippidium, [307]
• Ontogeny, [648]
• †Oödectes, [555], [558]
• Opossum, [161] (fig.), [627];
• Water-, [627], [631]
• Opossum-like forms, Cretaceous, [638]
• Opossums, [2], [58], [59], [141], [161], [249], [626], [627], [630];
• Araucanian, [226];
• Bridger, [268];
• Casa Mayor, [282];
• Cretaceous, [631];
• Eocene, [631];
• European, [631];
• North American, [631];
• Oligocene, [631];
• Paleocene, [631];
• Paraná, [227];
• Pleistocene, [221];
• Santa Cruz, [244];
• South American, [190], [221], [631];
• White River, [251];
• Wind River, [274];
• woolly, [631]
• Opsiceros, [327], [329], [330], [332], [350], [351]
• Orders, distribution of, [138]
• Ordovician period, [15]
• Oreamnos, [152], [158] (fig.), [202], [416]
• †Oreodon, [379]
• †Oreodont, White River, [252] (restoration), [259] (do.), [536] (do.)
• †Oreodontidæ, [250], [361], [372], [383], [384], [385], [404], [436], [652], [661];
• Eocene, [372], [381];
• grazing, [232];
• John Day, [250], [375], [377], [379];
• Miocene, [231], [235], [241], [372], [374];
• Pliocene, [225], [373];
• Uinta, [267], [380];
• White River, [258], [377]
• Oriental region, [146]
• Ornithorhynchus, [57]
• †Orohippus, [272], [290], [302]
• Osborn, H. F., [18], [59], [102], [193], [194], [199], [207], [235], [241], [265], [273], [288], [297], [331], [340], [341], [345], [357], [406], [409], [414], [427], [450], [554], [655]
• Otocyon, [656]
• Ottawa valley, marine invasion of, [132]
• Otter, [2], [160] (fig.), [175], [213]
• Otters, [152], [164], [516], [517], [518], [550], [551];
• Miocene, [229], [234];
• Pleistocene, [204];
• South American, [552]
• Ovibos, [149] (fig.), [202], [208], [362], [418]
• Ovis, [152], [419]
• Ox, [70]
• Oxen, [54], [60], [362], [409], [416], [418]
• †Oxyæna, [274], [277], [555], [565] (teeth fig.), [566] (do.), [571], [572] (restoration), [573]
• †Oxyænidæ, [555], [568], [575];
• Bridger, [268], [568], [573];
• Uinta, [265], [573];
• Wasatch, [277], [571];
• Wind River, [274], [571]
• †Oxyænodon, [555]
• †Oxyclænidæ, [554], [561], [562], [568], [574]
• †Oxyclænus, [554]
• †Oxydactylus, [241], [362], [391], [392] (restoration), [393] (skeleton fig.)
• Owen, R., [217], [463], [467], [510], [603], [608]
• Paca, [183] (fig.), [185]
• †Pachyæna, [274], [277], [554], [560]
• †Pachycyon, [522]
• Pachydermata, [44], [490], [492], [654]
• †Pachyrukhos, [227], [462], [478], [479], [639] (restoration)
• Pacific Coast, Eocene, [104], [111];
• mingling of mammals, [140];
• Miocene, [117], [120];
• Oligocene, [113];
• Paleocene, [101];
• Pleistocene, [132];
• Pleisto. volcanoes, [133]
• †Palæarctonyx, [555]
• †Palæomastodon, [432], [434], [435], [436], [437] (head and molar fig.), [438], [439], [440], [441], [450]
• †Palæonictis, [277], [555], [574]
• Palæontological method, [9], [11], [29]
• Palæontology, [29], [649], [660], [663]
• †Palæosyops, [272], [291], [314] (molar fig.), [317] (head restored), [318] (manus fig.)
• †Palæothentes, [627]
• †Palæotherium, [490], [492], [661]
• Palæozoic era, [15]
• †Palæpanorthus, [627]
• Paleocene epoch, [17], [99], [108], [253], [273], [276], [291], [443], [453], [454], [456], [459], [460], [519], [554], [557], [558], [560], [561], [562], [568], [578], [580], [625], [642]
• Palms, [103], [111], [116], [122]
• †Paloplotherium, [661]
• Pamir, [419]
• Pampas, [133], [142], [211], [213], [218], [219], [596]
• Pampean Beds, [19], [133], [136], [228], [248], [463], [471], [478], [489], [493], [496], [498], [586];
• mammals, [212] (restorations), [489]
• Panda, [546]
• Pangolins, [60], [353]
• †Panochthus, [592], [618], [620]
• †Pantodonta, [443], [451]
• †Pantolambda, [285] (restoration), [453], [454]
• Paraguay, [164], [178], [189]
• †Parahippus, [290], [297]
• †Parahyus, [281], [361], [370]
• Parallelism, [397], [649], [652], [653]
• †Paramylodon, [592]
• †Paramys, [270], [271] (restoration), [280]
• Paraná age and stage, [20], [128], [242], [493], [499], [507], [635]
• Paraná River, [34]
• †Parapithecus, [583], [587]
• †Parastrapotherium, [509], [512]
• Paraxonic symmetry, [359]
• Patagonia, [30], [40], [139], [178], [180], [184], [185], [189], [190], [191], [242], [263], [463], [467], [477], [586], [596];
• Cretaceous, [117], [632];
• Eocene, [112], [117];
• marine rocks, [112];
• Miocene, [123], [613];
• Oligocene, [117];
• Pleistocene glaciation, [133];
• Pliocene, [128];
• Tertiary, [20]
• Patagonian age and stage, [20], [123], [474], [475], [479]
• Patella, [86] (fig.)
• †Patriofelis, [271] (restoration), [274], [555], [568], [569] (restoration), [570] (pes fig.)
• †Paulogervaisia, [462], [488]
• Peace Creek stage, [127], [221], [322]
• Peccaries, [141], [178], [361], [363], [461];
• Bridger, [273], [365];
• John Day, [250], [365];
• Miocene, [232], [235], [239], [365];
• Oligocene, [365];
• Pleistocene, [201];
• Pleisto., S. Amer., [213], [215];
• Pliocene, [224], [226], [364];
• Uinta, [266], [365]
• Peccary, [33], [60], [161], [177] (fig.), [222], [360] (molar fig.)
• Pecora, [54], [60], [362], [387], [402], [409], [420], [421];
• Neotropical, [179];
• Oligocene, [421];
• Pleistocene, [201]
• †Pelecyodon, [592]
• †Peltephilidæ, [592]
• †Peltephilus, [592], [613] (skull fig.), [615]
• Pelvis, [77]
• †Pelycodus, [578], [580]
• Penck, A., [134]
• †Peraceras, [332]
• Perameles, [58]
• Peramys, [631]
• †Peratherium, [627], [631]
• †Perchœrus, [361], [365]
• †Periptychidæ, [443]
• †Periptychus, [443], [454]
• Perissodactyla, [60], [247], [248], [284], [288], [310], [353], [354], [358], [359], [360], [383], [402], [450], [458], [484], [485], [491], [499], [507], [514], [651], [653];
• Bridger, [270], [344];
• †Clawed, [60], [353];
• Eocene, [289], [338], [339], [352], [354], [359];
• John Day, [250];
• Miocene, [230], [234], [238];
• Neotropical, [176];
• normal, [291], [355];
• Pleistocene, N. Amer., [199];
• Pleisto., S. Amer., [213];
• Uinta, [266];
• Wasatch, [280];
• of western hemisphere, [322];
• White River, [255];
• Wind River, [275]
• Perissodactyls, see [Perissodactyla]
• Permian period, [15];
• climate of, [24], [25];
• glaciation, [25]
• Peru, [178], [179], [180], [184], [356], [393], [548]
• Petrifaction, [40]
• Petrified forests, [122]
• Phacochœrus, [363]
• Phalangers, Australian, [244], [626], [640], [641], [642]
• Phalanges, [84]
• †Pharsophorus, [627]
• †Phenacodontidæ, [457]
• †Phenacodus, [277], [278] (restoration), [285], [457] (skeleton fig.), [458], [459]
• Philippines, [579]
• Philology, [646]
• †Phlaocyon, [238], [517], [547]
• Pholidota, [60], [353]
• Phylogeny, [648]
• Phylum, [56]
• Pichiciago, [190], [592], [611]
• Pig, [359] (fore-arm bones and manus fig.), [360] (pes fig.);
• Wild Texas, [161]
• Pigs, [281]
• Pikas, [59], [153], [181]
• Pilosa, [60], [591], [592]
• Pinnipedia, [59], [516]
• Pisiform, [83]
• Pithecia, [578], [585]
• Pitheculus, [578]
• Placenta, [58]
• Placental mammals, [58], [59], [145]
• †Plagiarthrus, [481]
• †Plagiaulacidæ, [627]
• Plagiodontia, [185]
• †Planops, [591]
• Plant-feeders, [92], [95]
• Plantigrade, [90]
• Plants, distribution, [141];
• Florissant, [121], [122];
• Green River, [109];
• Miocene, [122];
• Miocene of Andes, [124];
• Mioc. of Europe, [122];
• Oligocene of Alaska, [116];
• Oligo. of Europe, [116];
• Pliocene, [127]
• Plateau region, [101], [111], [122];
• Pleistocene upheaval of, [133]
• Plateaus as affecting spread of mammals, [142]
• †Platygonus, [33], [202], [222], [361], [364]
• Platyrrhina, [578], [583], [587]
• Pleistocene epoch, [17], [129], [130], [172], [229], [239], [245], [246], [263], [264], [299], [324], [332], [335], [336], [350], [351], [354], [364], [365], [386], [391], [412], [413], [415], [416-419], [426-429], [436], [438], [439], [448], [485], [499], [518], [524], [530], [531], [545], [549], [551], [552], [586], [588], [614], [631], [632];
• climate, [25];
• effects of climate on animal distribution, [192];
• glaciation, [25];
• European, [661];
• lowest, [127];
• mammals, [195] (restorations);
• South American, [19], [20], [133], [296], [465], [476], [479]
• †Pleurocœlodon, [462]
• †Pliauchenia, [362]
• Pliny, letter on eruption of Vesuvius, [30]
• Pliocene epoch, [17], [112], [125];
• North American, [126] (map), [199], [201], [202], [229], [233], [238], [242], [245], [246], [248], [258], [263], [282], [295], [298], [299], [324], [327], [333-336], [340], [353], [354], [356], [357], [364], [365], [370], [372], [373], [386], [388], [390], [391], [413], [414], [416], [417], [421], [427], [429], [430], [435], [436], [485], [486], [493], [499], [507], [508], [524], [527], [530], [531], [534], [536], [545], [546], [547], [549-552], [554], [598], [612], [614], [632];
• South American, [20], [128], [466], [467], [479]
• †Pliohippus, [291], [296], [307]
• Pocket-gophers, [163], [164], [182];
• John Day, [249];
• Miocene, [229], [238];
• Pliocene, [222];
• Uinta, [265]
• Pocket-mice, [191]
• †Poëbrotherium, [252] (restoration), [257], [362], [394] (restor.), [397], [399] (skull and tooth fig.), [400] (manus fig.), [401] (pes fig.)
• †Pogonodon, [535], [541]
• †Polydolopidæ, [627], [642]
• †Polydolops, [627]
• †Polymastodon, [286] (head restored), [627]
• Polyprotodonta, [59], [627], [630], [640], [641]
• Pompeii, [30]
• Poplars, [102]
• Porcupine, Brazilian Tree, [182] (fig.);
• Canada, [5], [151] (fig.), [153], [182], [205];
• Short-tailed, [150], [182], [205]
• Porcupine group, [182], [262];
• suborder, [245]
• Porcupines, [59], [184];
• short-tailed, [141];
• tree, Pleistocene, [218];
• tree, Santa Cruz, [245]
• Porpoises, [3], [37], [45], [60], [94], [442], [656]
• Port Kennedy Cave, [30], [210]
• Port St. Julian, [489]
• Portugal, caverns, [40]
• Potos, [175] (fig.), [517], [546], [552], [558]
• Pouched mammals, [57], [59].
• (See also [Marsupialia])
• †Prœuphractus, [592]
• Prairie-Dog, [169] (fig.)
• Prairie-dogs, [164], [181]
• Praopus, [611]
• Pre-Cambrian eras, [15]
• Premolars, [93]
• Pre-occupation, [142]
• †Prepotherium, [591], [607], [608]
• †Preptoceras, [202], [203] (restoration), [362], [418]
• Primates, [60], [577];
• Bridger, [270];
• Eocene, [577];
• Santa Cruz, [587];
• South American, [587];
• Wasatch, [281], [580]
• Priodontes, [190], [592], [610], [612], [614], [616]
• †Proadinotherium, [262], [462]
• †Proasmodeus, [462]
• †Proborhyæna, [627], [638]
• Proboscidea, [60], [230], [254], [264], [269], [422], [442], [446], [448], [449], [454], [455], [469], [487], [488], [514];
• African origin of, [234];
• American, [485];
• Eocene, [434];
• Miocene, [234], [238], [430];
• Oligocene, [432], [441];
• Pleistocene, N. Amer., [196];
• Pleisto., S. Amer., [436].
• (See also [Elephants] and [†Mastodons])
• Proboscis, [65]
• †Procamelus, [232] (restoration), [362], [391], [399] (skull and tooth fig.), [400] (manus fig.), [401] (pes fig.)
• †Procladosictis, [627]
• †Procynodictis, [517], [529], [530]
• Procyon, [163], [175], [213], [517], [546], [547];
• P. cancrivorus, [552];
• P. lotor, [153], [166] (fig.), [547] (dentition fig.), [552];
• P. †ursinus, [552]
• Procyonidæ, [517], [518], [546];
• Miocene, [238], [547];
• South American, [552]
• †Prodasypus, [592]
• †Proectocion, [489]
• †Proeutatus, [592], [614], [615] (skull fig.)
• †Proglires, [59]
• †Promerycochœrus, [235], [251], [361], [375], [376] (restoration)
• †Pronesodon, [262], [462]
• Prong Buck, [202], [225], [416], [417], [420]. (See [Antelope, Prong-horned])
• †Pronomotherium, [231], [361], [374], [375] (head restored), [376], [381]
• †Propalæohoplophorus, [243] (restoration), [592], [606] (restor.), [623]
• †Propolymastodon, [627]
• †Propyrotherium, [462], [487]
• †Prosthennops, [361]
• †Protagriochœrus, [267], [361], [383], [385]
• †Protapirus, [257], [291], [323] (skull fig.), [324] (head restored), [325] (teeth fig.)
• †Proteodidelphys, [627]
• †Proterothere, single-toed, [506] (restoration);
• three-toed, [502] (restor.)
• †Proterotheres, see [†Proterotheriidæ]
• †Proterotheriidæ, [227], [248], [489], [499], [507], [653];
• Araucanian, [227], [508];
• Deseado, [264], [489];
• Paraná, [228], [499];
• Santa Cruz, [248], [501]
• †Proterotherium, [248], [489], [504]
• †Protheosodon, [489], [499]
• †Prothoatherium, [489]
• †Prothylacynus, [243] (restoration), [244], [627], [635], [636] (restor.), [637]
• †Protitanotherium, [266], [313]
• †Protobradys, [592], [595]
• †Protoceras, [252] (restoration), [258], [362], [405] (restor.), [406] (skull fig.), [407], [445]
• †Protodonta, [59]
• †Protogonodon, [457]
• †Protohippus, [291], [305] (skull fig.), [306] (manus and pes fig.)
• †Protolabis, [362], [391]
• †Protomeryx, [241], [251], [362], [391]
• †Protopithecus, [218]
• †Protoreodon, [267], [361], [380] (skull fig.), [381]
• Prototheria, [57], [59], [76]
• †Protylopus, [267], [362], [397], [399] (skull and tooth fig.), [400] (manus fig.), [401] (pes fig.)
• †Protypotherium, [243] (restoration), [462], [479], [480] (restor.)
• Province, zoölogical, [145]
• †Prozaëdius, [592]
• †Pseudælurus, [517], [545]
• †Pseudocladosictis, [627]
• †Pseudolabis, [362]
• †Pseudolestodon, [592]
• †Pterodon, [253], [555], [565] (teeth fig.), [566] (do.), [567], [576]
• †Ptilodus, [627], [642] (skull fig.), [643] (head restored)
• Pudu, [180]
• Pudua, [180]
• Puerco age and stage, [17], [99], [101], [454], [460], [561]
• Puma, [168] (fig.), [212], [544] (dentition fig.), [545] (skull fig.);
• South American, [552]
• Pumas, [153], [163], [176];
• Pleistocene, [204]
• Pyramidal, [83]
• Pyrenees, [104]
• †Pyrotheres, see [†Pyrotheria]
• †Pyrotheria, [60], [462], [485], [500];
• Casa Mayor, [283], [488];
• Deseado, [262], [485]
• †Pyrotherium, [264], [462], [485], [486] (head restored)
• Pyrotherium Beds, [20], [117], [261], [486]
• Quadrumana, [582]
• Quadruped, [1]
• Quaggas, [292]
• Quaternary period, [15], [17], [61], [100], [129], [267], [319];
• South America, [19]
• Quicksands, burial of mammals in, [37]
• Rabbit, [218]
• Rabbits, [59], [141], [142], [164], [245];
• White River, [254]
• Raccoon, [153], [162], [163], [166] (fig.), [175], [547] (dentition fig.), [553];
• Crab-eating, [552]
• Raccoon-family, Miocene, [238];
• Pliocene, S. Amer., [226]
• Raccoons, [5], [90], [213], [517], [518], [519], [546], [553];
• Miocene, [229], [547];
• Paraná, [227];
• Pleistocene, [204];
• Tertiary, [547]
• Race, geographical, [52]
• Radius, [80]
• Raised beaches, [113], [134]
• Rancho La Brea, [31]
• Rangifer, [70], [152], [157] (fig.), [202], [208], [362], [412]
• Ratel, [551]
• Rats, [60], [245];
• fish-eating, [182];
• Pleisto., S. Amer., [218];
• spiny, [184]
• Rattlesnake stage, [127]
• Ray. J., [51]
• Realm, zoölogical, [145]
• Recent epoch, [17], [132], [335], [336];
• South American, [19]
• Reduction of parts, [656]
• Region, zoölogical, [145]
• Reindeer, [70], [141], [412];
• Lapland, [152];
• Pleistocene, [27]
• Reptiles, see [Reptilia]
• Reptilia, [55];
• as ancestral to mammals, [643];
• distribution, [141];
• Mesozoic, [284];
• Oligocene, [117];
• Paleocene, [284];
• Santa Cruz, [244];
• teeth of, [92];
• Triassic of S. Africa, [644]
• Republican River age, [17], [127]
• Restorations, how made, [42]
• Rheithrodon, [182]
• Rhinoceros, [350], [490], [492];
• African, [327], [328], [329], [337];
• †aquatic, [347] (restoration);
• Bornean, [44];
• Broad-lipped, [329], [351], [448];
• †cursorial, [252] (restor.), [341] (do.), [343] (manus fig.), [344] (restor.);
• †hornless, [252] (restor.), [256] (do.), [335] (skull fig.);
• Indian, [44], [327], [328], [329];
• Javan, [327], [328] (skull fig.), [473];
• †paired-horned, [239] (restor.);
• †primitive, [271] (restor.);
• †small-horned, [230] (restor.);
• Sumatran, [327], [329];
• White, [329];
• †Woolly, [332]
• Rhinoceros, [327];
• R. sondaicus, [327], [328] (skull fig.), [473];
• R. unicornis, [329]
• Rhinoceroses, [45], [56], [60], [63], [91], [289], [312], [382], [461], [510], [654], [655], [661];
• African, [346];
• †aquatic, [291], [340];
• †aquatic, Bridger, [272];
• †aquatic, Uinta, [348];
• †aquatic, White River, [346];
• bones of, [35];
• †cursorial, [291], [340];
• †cursorial, Bridger, [272], [343];
• †cursorial, Uinta, [266];
• †cursorial, White River, [255], [340];
• †cursorial, Wind River, [275];
• Eocene, [338], [339];
• hairy, [448];
• John Day, [250], [256], [333];
• Miocene, [230], [234], [238], [256], [332], [333];
• North American, [39], [199];
• Oligocene, [333];
• Pliocene, [224], [331];
• †paired-horned, [256], [444];
• phyla of, [289], [650];
• Siberian, [39];
• true, [291], [326], [340], [346], [350], [351];
• true, Uinta, [266];
• true, White River, [255], [333];
• White River, [255], [333]
• Rhinocerotidæ, [291], [326], [340], [350]
• †Rhynchippus, [462]
• Ribs, [74] (fig.);
• sternal, [74]
• Rio de La Plata, [128]
• River deposits, [36]
• Robin, [50]
• Rocky Mts., [101], [150], [153];
• Pleistocene glaciers, [131]
• Rodent, †primitive, [271] (restoration);
• Santa Cruz, [243] (do.)
• Rodentia, [5], [59], [282], [283], [284], [459], [629];
• Araucanian, [226];
• Boreal, [153];
• Bridger, [270];
• Deseado, [587];
• distribution, [138];
• John Day, [249];
• jumping, [90];
• Miocene, [229], [233], [237];
• Neotropical, [183] (figs.);
• Paraná, [227];
• Pleistocene, [134], [205];
• Pleisto., S. Amer., [218];
• Pliocene, [222];
• Santa Cruz, [245];
• simplicidentate, [628];
• Sonoran, [163];
• South American, [181];
• Uinta, [265];
• Wasatch, [280];
• White River, [254];
• Wind River, [275];
• West Indian, [191]
• Rodents, see [Rodentia]
• Roots of teeth, [95]
• Rootless teeth, [96]
• Rosebud stage, [120], [235]
• Ruminants, [81], [84], [87], [281], [373], [651];
• hollow-horned, [328];
• Miocene, [232];
• true, [54], [201], [362], [387], [402], [409], [446]
• Russell, I. C., [589]
• Sables, [141]
• †Sabre-tooth, [32];
• cat, [252] (restoration);
• cats, [659];
• false, [542] (skull fig.);
• primitive, [539] (restor.);
• Tiger, frontispiece (restor.), [195] (restor.), [517], [531] (skull fig.), [534] (do.), [536] (restor.);
• tigers, [54], [210], [530], [552];
• Miocene, [229], [234], [534];
• Oligocene, [535];
• Pleistocene, [204];
• Pleisto., S. Amer., [211];
• Pliocene, [223]
• †Sabre-tooths, [265], [650];
• false, [249], [541];
• John Day, [249], [535], [541], [542];
• Miocene, [238];
• White River, [254].
• (See also [†Machairodontinæ])
• Sacramento Valley, Miocene, [118]
• Sacrum, [73] (fig.)
• †Sadypus, [592]
• Sagittal crest, [63]
• Saiga, [65]
• Saiga Antelope, [65]
• St. Elias Alps, [101]
• St. Lawrence Valley, invasion of, by sea, [133]
• Sakis, [578], [585]
• Saline water, [34]
• Salisbury, R. D., [130]
• Salt Lake, Utah, [131]
• Salt lakes, [24]
• Sand, wind-blown, [33]
• Santa Cruz age and stage, [20], [30], [124], [262], [263], [264], [282], [283], [467], [470], [473], [474], [475], [477], [479], [481], [482], [485], [493], [499], [500], [501], [504], [508-512], [586], [587];
• mammals, [243] (restorations)
• Santa Cruz Mts., Calif., [118]
• Santa Cruz River, as barrier to armadillos, [139]
• Sapajou, [584] (fig.)
• Sarcophilus, [634]
• Sarmiento, [143]
• †Scalibrinitherium, [489], [493], [495], [496] (skull fig.), [497] (do.)
• Scalops, [163]
• Scalpriform teeth, [96] (fig.)
• Scapanus, [163]
• Scaphoid, [83]
• Scapho-lunar, [83]
• Scapula, [76] (fig.)
• †Scelidotherium, [592], [601], [602], [604]
• †Schismotherium, [592]
• †Schizotherium, [291], [357]
• Schlosser, M., [262], [380], [514], [555], [583], [625], [661]
• Schuchert, C., [105], [114], [119], [126]
• †Sciuravus, [280]
• Sciuromorpha, [270]
• Sciuropterus, [164]
• Sciurus, [164] (fig.)
• †Sclerocalyptus, [219], [592], [618], [620]
• Scleropleura, [592], [611]
• Scott, D. H., [288]
• Sea-Cow, [60], [207], [442]
• Sea-Otter, [517], [518]
• Seals, [1], [2], [3], [37], [56], [59];
• Pleistocene, [132]
• Seas, barriers to land mammals, [139]
• Section, geological, [7], [9] (diagram)
• Sedimentary rocks, [6]
• Sediments, [6]
• Selenodont tooth, [360] (fig.);
• origin of, [651]
• Sewellel, [153], [233]
• Sewellels, [249];
• Miocene, [238]
• Shales, Florissant, [129];
• Green River, [109]
• Sheep, [54], [60], [93], [362], [409], [416], [418], [419], [420];
• Rocky Mt., [152], [419]
• Shells, fossil, [662]
• Sheridan stage, [33], [131], [133], [200]
• Shrews, [59], [141], [173], [191];
• American, [163];
• jumping, [59];
• Old World, [152];
• tree, [59]
• Siberia, [197], [207], [332], [350], [426];
• frozen carcasses in, [39]
• Sierra Nevada, [101], [122], [150], [153];
• Miocene, [118];
• Pleistocene glaciers, [131]
• Sigmodon, [163]
• Silurian period, [15]
• Simiidæ, [583]
• Simplicidentata, [60]
• Sinclair, W. J., [107], [437]
• †Sinopa, [565] (teeth fig.), [566] (do.), [633]
• Sirenia, [60], [442]
• Sitomys, [153], [164], [182]
• Skeleton, [61];
• significance of, [42]
• Skull, [61]
• Skunk, [163], [167] (fig.), [213], [517];
• Argentine, [174] (fig.);
• Little, [174] (fig.);
• Spotted, [517]
• Skunks, [153], [163], [174], [210], [518], [550], [551];
• Pleistocene, [204];
• South American, [552]
• Sloth, Three-toed, [186] (fig.), [591];
• Two-toed, [74], [187] (fig.), [591]
• Sloths, [2], [60], [97], [186], [189], [592];
• Araucanian, [226];
• Pleistocene, [218];
• Santa Cruz, [245]
• †Smilodon, frontispiece (restoration), [195] (do.), [204], [211], [517], [531] (skull fig.), [532] (teeth fig.), [535], [536], [537], [544], [553], [622]
• Smith, Perrin, [23]
• Smith, William, [7], [9]
• Smith River stage, [121]
• Snake Creek age and stage, [17], [127], [222], [388]
• Snakes, [244];
• Paleocene, [284]
• Solenodon, [173] (fig.)
• Solitary species, [38]
• Sonoran region, [146], [147] (map), [152], [153], [161], [176], [178], [191], [363]
• Sorex, [152]
• South Africa, [14];
• Permian glaciation, [25];
• Triassic reptiles, [644]
• South America, Eocene separation from N. Amer., [104];
• Miocene junction with N. Amer., [120];
• Permian glaciation, [25];
• Pleistocene Man, [589];
• zoölogical divisions, [173] (map);
• zoölogy, [146]
• South Australia, dry lakes of, [34]
• South Shetland Islands, [124]
• Sparnacian stage, [108]
• Species, definition, [51];
• distribution, [136];
• origin, [20]
• Specific area, [136]
• Spermophilus, [163] (fig.), [164]
• †Sphenophalus, [362]
• Spilogale, [174] (fig.), [517], [552]
• Spiny rats, Pleistocene, [218]
• Sports, [660]
• Squirrel, Grey, [164] (fig.);
• suborder, [270]
• Squirrels, [2], [60], [245];
• flying, [164];
• John Day, [249];
• Miocene, [229], [238];
• true, [164], [181];
• White River, [254]
• Stag, [358];
• European, [151];
• Thian Shan, [151]
• †Stag-Moose, [195] (restoration), [208], [209] (restor.), [413]
• Stage, geological, [15]
• Stalagmite, [30]
• Stations, [136]
• †Stegodon, [430], [439]
• †Stegodonts, [438]
• †Stegotherium, [243] (restoration), [480] (do.), [592], [614], [615] (skull fig.)
• †Stenomylus, [241], [242] (restoration), [362], [393], [408]
• Sternum, [75] (fig.)
• †Stibarus, [361]
• Stirling, E. C., [34], [35]
• Straits, of Lombok, [135];
• of Magellan, [143]
• Stratified rocks, [6]
• Stream-channels, White River, [113]
• †Stylinodon, [274]
• †Stypolophus, [555]
• Subregion, zoölogical, [145]
• Subsidences, Pleistocene, [132]
• Subungulata, [514]
• Suillines, [661]
• Suina, [54], [60], [361], [362]
• Sumatra, [21], [140], [327]
• Superposition of beds, [7], [8] (diagram)
• Sus, [359] (fore-arm bones fig.), [363]
• Swamps, burial of mammals in, [33]
• Swan, [70]
• Swine, [54], [60];
• American, [363];
• Old World, [363], [364];
• Pleistocene, [201];
• true, [364], [365].
• (See also [Peccaries])
• Swine-like animals, [361], [362]
• Sycamores, [102]
• †Symbos, [208], [362], [418]
• Synaptomys, [153]
• †Syndyoceras, [241], [258], [362], [403] (restoration), [404], [406], [407]
• Syria, [481]
• †Systemodon, [280], [291], [324]
• †Tæniodontia, [60], [276], [625];
• Bridger, [267];
• Puerco, [286];
• Wind River, [274]
• Tagassu, [161], [177] (fig.), [178], [360] (tooth fig.), [361], [363] (dentition fig.), [364]
• Tagassuidæ, [361], [363]
• Takin, [418]
• †Taligrada, [443]
• Tamandua, [187], [188] (fig.), [591]
• Tamias, [153]
• Tapir, [47] (fig. of young), [81] (fore-arm bones fig.), [87] (leg-bones fig.), [289] (manus fig.), [290] (pes fig.), [320] (adult fig.), [321] (skull fig.), [471], [490], [492];
• Asiatic, [321];
• Pinchaque, [322];
• White River, [323] (skull fig.), [324] (head restored)
• †Tapiravus, [291]
• Tapiridæ, [60], [65], [89], [141], [176], [289], [291], [312], [315], [319], [330], [341], [348], [359], [461], [651], [653];
• American, [322];
• Bridger, [272];
• distribution, [137];
• Eocene, [323];
• John Day, [250];
• Miocene, [231], [234], [322];
• North American, [39];
• Oligocene, [323], [339];
• Pleistocene, [199], [201], [208], [210], [322];
• Pleisto., S. Amer., [213], [215];
• Pliocene, [223], [322];
• South American, [324];
• Uinta, [266];
• Wasatch, [280], [324];
• White River, [257], [322]
• Tapiroid, [272], [315]
• Tapiroids, [321]
• Tapirs, see [Tapiridæ]
• Tapirus, [176], [291];
• T. †haysii, [201], [322];
• T. roulini, [322];
• T. terrestris, [47] (young fig.), [87], [201], [289] (manus fig.), [290] (pes fig.), [320] (adult fig.), [321] (skull fig.), [322], [325] (upper teeth fig.)
• Tardigrada, [186], [591], [592], [610];
• Araucanian, [226].
• (See also [Sloths])
• Tarija Valley, Pliocene, [129], [225]
• Tar-pools, [31];
• Pleistocene, [32]
• Tarsier, [281], [580]
• Tarsiids, [583]
• Tarsius, [281], [580]
• Tarsus, [88]
• Tasmania, [138], [632], [634]
• Tasmanian Devil, [627], [634];
• Wolf, [43], [226], [244], [626], [632], [633] (fig.)
• Tatu, [160], [190] (fig.), [592], [593], [612]
• Taurotragus, [202]
• Taxidea, [153], [162], [168] (fig.), [517]
• Tayra, [175] (fig.), [213], [517], [552]
• Teeth, [92];
• importance of fossil, [38]
• †Teleoceras, [291], [331], [332], [333], [350]
• †Telmatherium, [291]
• †Temnocyon, [517], [528], [530]
• Temperature as a barrier to species, [140], [141]
• Tenrecs, [173]
• †Tephrocyon, [517], [522], [527], [530]
• Tertiary period, [15], [17], [19], [99], [267], [319], [369], [413], [460], [531];
• Central America, [22];
• Culebra, [22];
• Great Plains, [36];
• Patagonia, [20];
• South America, [20], [248], [461], [463];
• Tierra del Fuego, [20]
• Terrestrial habit, [2]
• †Tetrabelodon, [430], [437]
• Thalarctus, [148] (fig.)
• †Theosodon, [243] (restoration), [248], [489], [493], [494] (restor.), [496] (skull fig.), [497] (do.), [498] (manus fig.)
• Thian Shan, [419]
• †Thinohyus, [361]
• †Thoatherium, [243] (restoration), [248], [489], [500], [501], [504], [505] (skull fig.), [506] (restor.), [507] (pes fig.)
• †Thomashuxleya, [462], [485]
• Thomomys, [164]
• Thorax, [74]
• Thousand Creek age and stage, [17], [127]
• Thylacine, [43], [632], [633] (fig.), [634], [635].
• (See also [Tasmanian Wolf])
• Thylacynidæ, [627], [632]
• Thylacynus, [43], [226], [244], [632], [633] (fig.)
• Tibet, [224], [418]
• Tibia, [86], [87] (fig.)
• Tierra del Fuego, [20], [178]
• Tiger, [45]
• †Tillodontia, [59], [276];
• Bridger, [267];
• Wasatch, [276];
• Wind River, [274]
• Time, geological, [16]
• †Titanothere, [253] (restoration), [271] (do.), [309] (do.), [314] (restor. and fig. of molar)
• †Titanotheriidæ, [291], [308], [317] (heads restored), [334], [352], [353], [357], [366], [445], [446], [458], [465], [654], [661];
• Bridger, [270], [313];
• Oligocene, [310], [314], [315], [339];
• Uinta, [266], [313];
• White River, [255], [310], [313], [315];
• Wind River, [275], [276], [315]
• †Titanotherium, [253] (restoration), [291], [309] (restor.), [310] (molar fig.), [311] (skull fig.), [317] (head restored), [318] (fig. of manus)
• Tolypeutes, [189], [592], [611], [616]
• Toronto, interglacial beds near, [130]
• Torrejon age and stage, [17], [99], [101], [286], [453], [561]
• Tortoises, [244];
• Paleocene, [244]
• †Toxodon, [212] (restoration), [215], [217] (restor.), [462], [463], [466] (skull fig.), [467], [468], [469], [471], [472] (pes fig.), [473], [477], [487]
• †Toxodont, [498];
• horned, [228] (head restored), [263] (do.);
• Pampean, [212] (restoration), [217] (do.);
• Santa Cruz, [243] (restor.), [467] (skull fig.);
• Santa Cruz horned, [474] (restor.)
• †Toxodonta, [60], [282], [462], [463], [477], [482], [483], [487], [500], [509], [511], [652];
• Araucanian, [227];
• Deseado, [262], [264], [474];
• Paraná, [228];
• Santa Cruz, [246], [467]
• †Toxodontia, [60], [355], [461], [478], [485], [489], [492], [500], [514];
• Pleistocene, [215], [221]
• †Toxodontidæ, [462], [474]
• †Toxodonts, see [†Toxodonta]
• Tragulina, [54], [60], [408], [409], [410]. (See [Mouse-Deer])
• Transition zone, [147] (map), [153]
• Trapezium, [83]
• Trapezoid, [83]
• Tree-sloths, [591], [593], [594], [595], [596], [609];
• Pleistocene, [596];
• Santa Cruz, [596].
• (See also [Sloths])
• Tremarctos, [172], [176] (fig.), [517], [548], [552]
• Trèves, [10]
• Triassic period, [15], [16], [642], [643];
• climate, [24]
• †Triconodonta, [59]
• Trier, cathedral of, [10]
• †Trigodon, [227], [228] (head restored), [462], [466], [473], [474]
• †Trigonias, [256], [291], [336], [337] (skull and front teeth fig.), [338], [339] (manus fig.), [351]
• †Trigonolestes, [281], [361], [398]
• †Trigonolestidæ, [361]
• †Trigonostylopidæ, [509], [512]
• †Trigonostylops, [509]
• †Triisodon, [554], [561]
• †Trilophodon, [229]
• Trinidad, [170]
• Trinomial system of nomenclature, [52]
• †Triplopus, [266], [272], [343] (manus fig.), [345]
• †Tritemnodon, [271] (restoration), [555], [565] (teeth fig.), [566] (do.), [567] (restor.), [576], [633]
• †Trituberculata, [59]
• Tropical species, distribution, [141]
• Tse-tse Fly, [142]
• Tuatara, [284]
• Tubulidentata, [60]
• Tuco-tuco, [184]
• Tuff, Miocene, [112], [122];
• Santa Cruz, [124]
• Turkestan, [419]
• Turtles, [102]
• Tusks, [92]
• Tylopoda, [54], [60], [362], [386], [409], [410];
• Pleistocene, [202]
• †Typothere, [243] (restoration), [480] (do.), [636] (do.), [639] (do.)
• †Typotheres, see [†Typotheria]
• †Typotheria, [60], [215], [372], [462], [476];
• Araucanian, [227];
• Casa Mayor, [282], [479];
• Deseado, [263], [264];
• Paraná, [228];
• Pleistocene, [215], [221], [476];
• Santa Cruz, [246], [479];
• Tertiary, [215]
• †Typotheriidæ, [462], [476]
• †Typotherium, [215], [217], [263], [462], [476], [477]
• Uakaris, [578], [585]
• Uinta age and stage, [11], [17], [110], [270], [271], [272], [301], [339], [345], [349], [365], [369], [370], [380], [383], [385], [386], [397-400], [409], [443], [519], [527], [529], [557], [559], [573], [579]
• Uinta Mts., [106], [108];
• Pleistocene glaciers, [131]
• †Uintacyon, [555], [558]
• †Uintatheres, see [†Uintatheriidæ]
• †Uintatheriidæ, [285], [443], [444], [445] (skull fig.), [451], [452], [454], [465], [509], [532];
• Bridger, [269], [443];
• Wasatch, [279], [451];
• Wind River, [274], [450]
• †Uintatherium, [51], [271] (restoration), [443], [444], [445] (skull fig.), [447] (restoration)
• Ulna, [80]
• Unciform, [83]
• Unconformity, [312]
• Ungual phalanx, [84]
• Ungulata, [60], [513], [516];
• primitive, [460];
• Santa Cruz, [481], [511];
• †short-footed, [443];
• South American indigenous, [461], [466], [469], [486], [489], [490], [500], [509], [511], [513], [514];
• White River, [258]
• Ungulates, see [Ungulata]
• Unguligrade, [91]
• University of California, [31], [32]
• Upheavals, Pleistocene, [132], [133];
• Pliocene, [132]
• Upper Sonoran zone, [148], [164]
• Ural, Mts., [106];
• Sea, [106], [108]
• Urocyon, [162], [165] (fig.), [517]
• †Urotrichus, [153]
• Ursidæ, [517], [518], [548]
• Ursus, [90] (pes fig.), [156] (fig.), [163], [517], [549]
• Uruguay, [585]
• Variant, [53]
• Varieties, [52], [662]
• Vegetation, Eocene, [111];
• Paleocene, [283].
• (See also [Flora] and [Plants])
• Vermilingua, [187], [591]
• Vertebra, [68];
• caudal, [73] (fig.);
• cervical, [70] (fig.);
• dorsal, [69] (fig.), [72] (fig.);
• lumbar, [72], [73] (fig.);
• sacral, [73] (fig.);
• thoracic, [69]
• Vertebral column, [67]
• Vertebrata, [55]
• Vesuvius, [30]
• Vicuña, [178] (fig.)
• Virgin Valley stage, [127]
• Viscaccia, [183] (fig.), [185]
• †Viverravus, [555], [558]
• Viverridæ, [518], [553], [554], [558]
• Viverrines, see [Viverridæ]
• Viviparous mammals, [59]
• Vizcacha, [183] (fig.), [185]
• Vizcachas, Pleistocene, [218]
• Volcanic ash, [29];
• Bridger, [110], [115];
• John Day, [116];
• Santa Cruz, [124];
• White River, [115]
• Volcanic dust, [29]
• Volcanic material, [6];
• Florissant, [121];
• Miocene, [118];
• Pliocene, [125]
• Volcanoes, [133]
• Voles, [182]
• Voltaire, [646]
• Vulcanism, Miocene, [118], [121];
• Pliocene, [127]
• †Vulpavus, [555], [558]
• Vulpes, [149] (fig.), [150] (fig.), [158] (fig.), [517]
• Waagen, W., [662]
• Wallace, A. R., [136], [139], [150], [170], [171]
• Walnuts, [102]
• Walruses, [1], [45], [207], [210], [516];
• Pleistocene, [27], [132]
• Wapiti, [50], [151], [155] (fig.), [181], [202], [208], [411], [412], [413]
• Warm Temperate region, [161]
• Wart Hog, [363]
• Wasatch age and stage, [17], [106], [273], [274], [275], [285], [316], [325], [370], [398], [400], [451], [452], [453], [455], [457], [459], [560], [561], [566], [568], [571], [572], [580], [581]
• Wasatch Mts., Pleistocene glaciers, [131]
• Wasatch-Sparnacian stage, [115]
• Water Hog, [183] (fig.), [185], [205], [211].
• (See also [Capybara] and [Carpincho])
• Weasel, [551];
• family, [174];
• Miocene, [238];
• Pleisto., S. Amer., [213];
• tribe, [518]
• Weasels, [59], [152], [517];
• Miocene, [229], [238];
• Pleistocene, [204], [205]
• Weber, M., [426]
• Western Hemisphere, marsupials, [626]
• West Indian, islands, [164], [191];
• shells on N. J. coast, [113];
• subregion, [170] (map)
• West Indies, [583];
• Eocene, [112];
• Oligocene, [113];
• Paleocene, [103];
• Pleistocene, [134];
• zoölogy, [146]
• Whale, Right, [48]
• Whales, [1], [2], [3], [37], [45], [60], [74], [442];
• Miocene, [123];
• Pleistocene, [132];
• toothed, [60];
• whalebone, [60], [94]
• White Mts., Labrador plants of, [193]
• White River age and stage, [11], [12], [17], [113], [250], [266], [267], [270], [271], [272], [312], [325], [326], [340], [341], [346], [350], [357], [365-371], [375], [377-380], [382-385], [394-396], [399], [405], [407], [408], [523], [528-530], [535], [538-541], [546], [557], [562], [563], [565], [566], [631];
• mammals, [252] (restorations)
• Wild-cats, [141]
• Willamette Valley, Miocene, [115]
• Williston, S. W., [33], [589]
• Willows, [102]
• Wind River age and stage, [17], [109], [273], [315], [316], [326], [339], [350], [400], [450], [452], [456], [457], [460], [568], [571]
• Windward Islands, Pleistocene, [134]
• Winter, destruction of mammals by, [36]
• Wisent, [152]
• Wolf, [32], [62] (skull fig.), [64] (do.), [69] (dorsal vertebra fig.), [70] (atlas fig.), [71] (axis fig.), [72] (cervical and dorsal vertebræ fig.), [73] (lumbar and caudal fig.), [74] (ribs fig.), [75] (ribs and sternum fig.), [76] (scapula fig.), [77] (hip-bone fig.), [78] (humerus fig.), [80] (fore-arm bones fig.), [82] (manus fig.), [85] (femur fig.), [86] (femur and patella fig.), [87] (leg-bones fig.), [88] (pes fig.), [92], [93] (dentition fig.);
• Fox-like, [171] (fig.);
• Grey, [152], [159] (fig.);
• Large-eared, [656];
• Miocene, [522] (skull fig.);
• Timber, [159] (fig.), [162]
• Wolverene, [141], [152], [155] (fig.), [213], [238], [517], [551];
• Pleistocene, [204]
• Wolves, [59], [164], [173], [249], [517], [518], [520], [523], [525], [530];
• fox-like, [173], [212], [552];
• Pleistocene, [204];
• Pliocene, [222];
• White River, [254]
• Wombats, [640]
• Woodchuck, [152] (fig.), [153]
• Wood-rats, [141], [153], [164]
• Wortman, J. L., [383], [385], [399], [570], [571]
• †Xotodon, [462]
• Yapock, [631]
• Yellowstone Park, petrified forests, [122];
• Miocene lava, [122];
• Pliocene lava, [127]
• Young animals, colour pattern of, [46]
• Yucatan, [128]
• Yukon Valley, Miocene, [118]
• Zaëdyus, [190], [592]
• Zapus, [153], [160] (fig.)
• Zebra, [44];
• bones of, [35];
• Burchell’s, [200]
• Zebras, [213], [292], [308]
• †Zeuglodontia, [60]
• Zittel, K. von, [601]
• Zoölogy, Experimental, [648], [663]
• †Zygolestes, [627], [641]
• Zygomatic arch, [65]

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An Introduction to Geology