Expansion and Conflict

by William Edward Dodd

• Jackson, Andrew, early life, [1];
  • candidate for President, [2], [4];
  • tariff views, [6];
  • and Calhoun, [6];
  • and Indians, [8], [18];
  • and North Carolina, [9];
  • and Virginia, [11], [14];
  • campaign managers, [16], [17], [18];
  • skillful politician, [18];
  • inauguration, [20], [21];
  • supplants Clay in West, [21], [22];
  • planters distrust, [23], [24], [25], [27], [28];
  • duelist, [32];
  • “Old Hickory,” [36], [37];
  • Western opposition, [37];
  • “King Andrew I,” [37];
  • Eastern distrust, [39];
  • first Cabinet, [56], [58];
  • degree of LL.D. from Harvard, [58];
  • party divided, [58], [59];
  • Cabinets, [58];
  • “Kitchen Cabinet,” [58];
  • removals by, [58];
  • appointments by, [58], [59];
  • Eaton affair, [59];
  • and tariff, [59];
  • and Foot Resolution, [60];
  • and Bank, [60], [65], [66], [67], [68], [77], [80];
  • for second term, [62];
  • Van Buren and Calhoun, [62];
  • Union toast, [62];
  • Maysville veto, [63];
  • break with Calhoun, [64];
  • Cabinet changed, [64];
  • platform unfulfilled, [65];
  • and South Carolina, [69], [71], [72], [73];
  • Bank veto, [69];
  • campaign of 1832, [70], [71], [72];
  • Georgia and the Indians, [72];
  • Nullification Proclamation and Force Bill, [73];
  • Verplanck Tariff Bill, [73];
  • messages, [76];
  • defeated on tariff, [79];
  • Bank war on, [80];
  • Bank defeated, [82], [84];
  • diplomatic relations, West Indian trade, [84];
  • French spoliation claims, [85];
  • Senate opposition, [86];
  • House support, [86];
  • war threatened, [86];
  • peaceful settlement, [87];
  • removal of Indians, [87], [89], [90];
  • successes, [91], [92];
  • Distribution Bill vetoed, [92];
  • deposit with States, [92];
  • railroads, [92];
  • Specie Circular, [92];
  • revolts against, [92], [93];
  • triumphant retirement, [94];
  • and Van Buren, [96], [97], [98], [100], [103];
  • and Texas, [105], [107], [108], [109], [111];
  • repudiated in 1840, [112], [117], [120], [127], [144];
  • and abolition mail, [165], [187], [242], [265];
  • denounces secession, [268].
• Jackson, Thomas J. (“Stonewall”), at Bull Run, [285];
  • Valley campaign, [296];
  • reinforces Lee, [297];
  • failures in Peninsula campaign, [297], [299];
  • sent against Pope, [299];
  • Cedar Mountain, [299], [301];
  • death, [305].
• Japan, trade relations with, [235].
• Jay Treaty, [84].
• Jefferson, Thomas, Jackson-like, [3], [36];
  • sale of Monticello, [13], [19], [23], [50], [54], [62], [142], [167];
  • and public education, [223];
  • Lincoln-like, [265].
• Jeffersonian party, getting aristocratic, [3], [5], [17], [30], [109], [167].
• Johnson, Andrew, for Vice-President, [320].
• Johnson, Richard M., rival of Clay, [22].
• Johnston, Albert Sidney, made general, [276];
  • battle of Shiloh, [293];
  • killed, [294].
• Johnston, Joseph E., made general, [276], [281];
  • at Bull Run, [285];
  • quarrel with Davis, [287];
  • Peninsula campaign, [297];
  • wounded, [296];
  • in Georgia, [318], [319];
  • removed from command, [319];
  • restored to command, [325];
  • surrenders to Sherman, [327].
• Jones, Commodore, [125].
• Judd, Norman B., Republican leader, [255].

• Kansas, [89], [199];
  • organized as Territory, [241];
  • popular sovereignty, [243];
  • Topeka Convention, [244];
  • two governments, [244];
  • deadlock in Congress over, [244];
  • war in, [248];
  • Walker, Governor, [249];
  • Lecompton Constitution, [249].
• Kansas-Nebraska Bill, [172], [198], [235], [236];
  • and Pacific Railway [238];
  • provisions, [239];
  • angry debate on, [240];
  • passed, [240];
  • resulting campaign, [241].
• Kearny, Colonel S. W., campaign in New Mexico, [154].
• Kendall, Amos, [58], [62].
• Kennedy, John P., [53].
• Kenner, Duncan F., Confederate agent to Europe, [323].
• Kent, Chancellor, against universal suffrage, [14], [51].
• Kentucky, [13];
  • and Clay, [15], [21], [22];
  • and R. M. Johnson, [22];
  • population, [28], [32];
  • and Jackson, [37], [40], [63], [70];
  • Germans in, [91];
  • “slavery a blessing,” [119], [121];
  • live stock to South, [141];
  • Presbyterians in, [143];
  • and slavery, [161];
  • for Scott, [182];
  • and Kansas-Nebraska Bill, [238], [246];
  • secession of, prevented, [275];
  • occupied by Federals, [293];
  • against emancipation, [301];
  • Republican party in 1862, [302];
  • held by Federals, [313].
• Know-Nothing party, [242];
  • defeated in Virginia and Georgia, [243];
  • in 1856, [243], [261], [264].

• Labor unions, beginning, [209].
• Laborers, conditions poor, [209].
• Larkin, Thomas O., seizure of California, [154].
• Lawyers, support capitalists, [50], [51];
  • in South, allied with planters, [139].
• Lecompton Constitution, of Kansas, [249].
• Lee, Robert E., [214], [259];
  • made general, [276];
  • drills Virginia troops, [281];
  • expected success, [282];
  • home seized, [283];
  • sent to West Virginia, [286];
  • loses West Virginia, [296];
  • in chief command, [296];
  • Peninsula command, [297];
  • loses at Mechanicsville, [297];
  • wins at Gaines's Mills, [297];
  • pursues McClellan, [297];
  • loses at Malvern Hill, [297], [298];
  • second Bull Run, [300];
  • into Maryland, [300], [301];
  • Antietam, [302];
  • retires into Virginia, [302];
  • wins at Fredericksburg, [303];
  • wins at Chancellorsville, [305];
  • second invasion of North, [305];
  • Gettysburg, [306];
  • retreat to Virginia, [307];
  • uncompromising, [309];
  • urges conscription, [311], [312];
  • checks Grant, [318];
  • Grant outwits, [318];
  • facing Grant at Petersburg, [323];
  • refuses dictatorship, [324];
  • army in want, [325];
  • odds against, [326];
  • retreat to west, [326];
  • surrender, [327].
• Legaré, Hugh S., Secretary of State, [126].
• Lewis, William B., [58], [62], [64].
• Lexington, Kentucky, [34];
  • Mechanics' Library, [35], [63].
• Liberator, abolition weekly, [162].
• Liberty party, nominates Van Buren, [173].
• Lincoln, Abraham, [32], [36];
  • in Republican party, [241], [242];
  • against Douglas, [255];
  • debate with Douglas, [256];
  • “house-divided-against-itself,” [256];
  • Presidential timber, [257];
  • Chicago Convention of 1860, [261];
  • nominated for President, [263];
  • character, [263], [265];
  • election of, and South, [268];
  • conciliatory, [269];
  • inaugural, [272];
  • yields to radicals, [273];
  • saves Maryland, Kentucky, Missouri, [275];
  • calls for volunteers, [282];
  • war to preserve Union, [289];
  • Douglas supports, [289];
  • calls for more men, [290], [320];
  • and finance, [292];
  • dark hours, [300];
  • promises emancipation, [302];
  • arbitrary arrests, [304];
  • opposition to, [304], [316];
  • hope in Grant, [317];
  • nominated for President by National Unionists, [320];
  • asked to withdraw, [321];
  • appoints day of thanksgiving, [321];
  • strongly supported, [322], [324].
• Literature, flower of American culture, [226].
• Live stock, exported by West, [29];
  • to cotton belt, [141].
• Liverpool, capital of, invested in United States, [100], [205].
• Livingston, Edward, Secretary of State, [65];
  • Minister to France, [78];
  • for Bank, [78];
  • and French claims, [85].
• Loco-focos, [108].
• London, capital loaned to West, [91];
  • in United States, [100], [205].
• Longfellow, Henry W., [226].
• Longstreet, A. B., [227].
• Longstreet, General James, [299], [301];
  • sent to Bragg, [307].
• Lopez, Narcisco, [198].
• Louisiana, [8];
  • in cotton belt, [12], [86];
  • “slavery a blessing,” [119];
  • secession of, [271].
• Lovejoy, Elijah P., anti-slavery leader, [164];
  • murdered, [166].
• Lowell, James Russell, [227].
• Lowndes, William, [5].

• Macon, Nathaniel, in Senate, [16].
• McClellan, George B., at Cincinnati, [283];
  • drilling army, [293];
  • Peninsula campaign, [296];
  • failure, [298];
  • army withdrawn, [299];
  • removed from command, [299];
  • popular with army, [300];
  • restored to command, [301];
  • Antietam, [302];
  • again removed, [303];
  • mentioned for President, [317];
  • nominated by Democrats, [321].
• McClelland, Robert, Secretary of the Interior, [232].
• McCormick, Cyrus, [199], [202].
• McCreary, James, [34].
• McDowell, General Irvin, commanding in Virginia, [283];
  • Bull Run, [285], [299].
• McDuffie, George, [6];
  • for Bank, [68];
  • debtor of Bank, [79], [82].
• McLane, Louis, Secretary of the Treasury, [65];
  • Secretary of State, [78];
  • for Bank, [78].
• McLeod, Alexander, trial in New York, [123].
• Madison, James, in Virginia Convention of 1829, [10].
• Maine, [14];
  • population, [39], [41], [48];
  • Democratic, [55], [105];
  • northeastern boundary settled, [124];
  • “Aroostook War,” [124], [187], [264].
• Malvern Hill, battle of, [298].
• Manassas, battles of. See Bull Run.
• Mann, Horace, and public schools, [223].
• Manufacturing, Cincinnati a center, [35];
  • growth in East, 1820 [30], [41];
  • cotton and woolen, [42];
  • product and return on capital, [42];
  • factory life, [43];
  • men in control, [47];
  • industrial area, [47], [49];
  • transition from agriculture, [50];
  • political power, [54], [55];
  • eastern area, [187], [205].
• Marcy, William L., in Polk's Cabinet, [147];
  • Secretary of State, [231], [234].
• Marshall, John, [10], [22], [32], [51], [99].
• Marshall, Thomas, [33].
• Maryland, [14], [18], [23], [40], [50];
  • banking laws, [106], [133];
  • internal improvements, [133];
  • and slavery, [161];
  • and Know-Nothings, [243], [265];
  • secession prevented, [275];
  • Lee in, [300];
  • against emancipation, [301].
• Mason, James M., [150], [215];
  • commissioner to Europe, [286], [314].
• Mason, John Y., in Polk's Cabinet, [149], [215];
  • Minister to France, [234];
  • Ostend Manifesto, [235].
• Massachusetts, [3];
  • conservative, [15];
  • population, [39];
  • cotton and wool manufacture, [42];
  • bank capital and circulation, [45];
  • tax valuation, [46];
  • particularism and free trade to nationalism and protection, [54];
  • banking laws, [106];
  • for Scott, [182], [184];
  • manufacturing, [187];
  • shipping, [187];
  • illiterates, [213];
  • convicts, [213];
  • and Sumner, [245];
  • nullifies Fugitive Slave Law, [252].
• Matamoras, battle of, [154].
• Maysville Bill, [63], [64], [67].
• Meade, George Gordon, given command of the Army of the Potomac, [306];
  • wins at Gettysburg, [306].
• Mechanics' Library of Lexington, Ky., fostered by Clay, [35].
• Mechanicsville, battle of, [297].
• Medill, Joseph, Republican leader, [255].
• Methodists, in West, [33];
  • in South, [143];
  • and slavery, [143], [144], [161], [165], [221];
  • increase of membership, [145];
  • in South, [218];
  • strength of clergy, [220];
  • members, [222];
  • educational institutions, [222], [223].
• Mexican War, [135], [154].
• Mexico, West and, [25], [27];
  • and England, [122], [126], [132], [135];
  • Texas boundary, [148];
  • Slidell's mission to, [153];
  • war with, [154];
  • desire for all, [157], [161], [247].
• Michigan, [22], [87];
  • population, [90];
  • Dutch repudiated, [106];
  • Oregon and Texas, [132];
  • made State, [198];
  • Indians removed, [199];
  • Republican party organized, [241].
• Michigan Central Railroad, [192].
• Middle States, [6], [13], [14];
  • and Jackson, [17], [18], [22];
  • labor scarce in, [30], [40];
  • banks, [45];
  • literature, [52], [53], [54], [55], [68], [74], [83], [84], [93];
  • poor wheat crop, [101];
  • Texas and Oregon, [127];
  • abolition societies in, [162].
• Minnesota, [87], [89];
  • made State, [198];
  • Indians removed, [199].
• Mississippi, and Indians, [8], [87];
  • and Jackson, [72];
  • population, [89], [90];
  • debt and income, [98];
  • internal improvements, [98];
  • debts of, repudiated, [106];
  • “slavery a blessing,” [119];
  • Van Buren and Texas, [128];
  • California and slavery, [175];
  • secession of, [271], [313].
• Mississippi River, [87];
  • canal feeders, [90];
  • Commodore Foote on, [293];
  • held by Federals, [307].
• Mississippi Valley, [2], [11], [21];
  • for Texas and Oregon, [25];
  • value of exports, [29], [36];
  • immigration to, [90];
  • Germans in, [91];
  • cotton belt, [135], [198];
  • growth and power, [199].
• Missouri, and Clay, [21], [22];
  • the bank, tariff, and internal improvements, [22];
  • horse-racing, [32], [37], [40];
  • Germans in, [91];
  • for Van Buren, [111];
  • emigration from, to Oregon, [127], [131];
  • Pacific Railroad, [238];
  • and Kansas-Nebraska Bill, [238];
  • and Kansas, [245], [265];
  • secession of, prevented, [275];
  • held by Federals, [313].
• Missouri Compromise, repealed, [239];
  • Dred Scott decision, [247].
• Missouri Valley, in plantation belt, [138].
• Mobile, Ala., blockade-running from, [313];
  • taken by Farragut, [321].
• Mobile and Ohio Railroad, [204].
• Monroe, James, in Virginia Convention of 1829, [10], [28], [89], [105].
• Monroe Doctrine, France and Mexico and, [315].
• Monterey, battle of, [154].
• Monticello, sale of, [13].
• Mormons, [176].
• Morse, S. F. B., [224].
• Motley, John L., [215], [228].
• Murfreesboro, battle of, [295].

• Napoleon III, favors South, [314], [316].
• Nashville, Tenn., Federals capture, [293].
• Nat Turner, slave insurrection, [118].
• National Bank, [114];
  • Tyler's views, [115];
  • bills vetoed, [116], [130].
• National debt, paid, [92].
• National road, [90].
• Nebraska, [199];
  • organized as Territory, [241].
• New England, for Adams, [14], [18];
  • suffrage and Democracy in, [15], [23], [24], [28];
  • hostile to West, [29], [39];
  • population, [39], [40];
  • growth of manufactures, [41];
  • banks, [45];
  • trade with South, [46];
  • literature, [52], [53], [54];
  • painting and sculpture, [54];
  • industrial control, [55], [56];
  • and tariff, [66], [67];
  • and South Carolina, [72], [84];
  • against Jackson, [93];
  • for Harrison and Tyler, [111], [112], [125], [126];
  • Oregon and Texas, [131], [140], [149];
  • abolition societies, [163];
  • against Fugitive Slave Law, [184];
  • aristocratic life, [215];
  • decline of Puritanism in, [216], [222];
  • and Buchanan, [246];
  • for nullification and secession, [252], [253];
  • for Seward, [257];
  • threats of secession, [268], [269];
  • Confederate raids into, [323].
• New Hampshire, [14];
  • population, [39].
• New Jersey, [14], [18], [302].
• New Mexico, [152], [154];
  • Territory of, organized, [176], [179].
• New Orleans, battle of, [2], [21], [32];
  • commerce, [35], [36];
  • and Jackson, [37];
  • failures, [101];
  • sub-treasury at, [151], [193];
  • winter resort, [214];
  • held by Federals, [213].
• New York, constitutional reform, [14];
  • for Jackson, [14], [15], [18], [71];
  • Western element, [28], [32], [39];
  • population, [40];
  • manufacturing, [42];
  • banking capital and circulation, [42], [83];
  • banking laws, [105], [149];
  • manufacturing, [187];
  • shipping, [187], [195], [200];
  • Democratic, [302];
  • panic at Lee's invasion, [305].
• New York Central Railroad, [192].
• New York City, manufacturing, [41];
  • financial center, [45];
  • land value, [46], [48];
  • literary seat, [52];
  • newspaper for Bank, [79];
  • high interest, [83], [84];
  • capital to West, [91], [96];
  • failures, [101];
  • for Walker program, [129];
  • sub-treasury at, [151], [187];
  • financial center, [189], [193], [194], [195], [202], [205], [209], [222];
  • and Buchanan, [246], [305];
  • Confederates try to burn, [323].
• New York Evening Post, [53];
  • for “all of Mexico,” [156].
• New York Times, friendly to Confederacy, [272].
• New York Tribune, friendly to Confederacy, [272].
• Nicholson letters, of Cass, [172].
• Norfolk, Va., held by Federals, [313].
• North, [165], [251], [259];
  • devotion to Union, [269];
  • opposed to war, [272];
  • united for Union, [283];
  • hatred of South, [284];
  • danger of break-up, [289];
  • prosperous, [292];
  • divided counsels, [301];
  • ready for reunion, [309];
  • wins political control, [328];
  • cost of war, [328].
• North American Review, [52], [53].
• North Carolina, declares tariff unconstitutional, [7], [8];
  • East and West compromise, [8];
  • unit for Jackson, [9], [12], [14], [23], [28];
  • dread of West, [30], and nullification, [72];
  • “slavery a blessing,” [119], [121];
  • tobacco belt, [132];
  • cotton belt, [135], [140], [141];
  • Presbyterians in, [143];
  • anti-slavery, [161];
  • and Compromise of 1850, [178], [264];
  • Union areas, [278];
  • resistance to conscription, [311];
  • peace movement in, [312];
  • conscript laws annulled by, [312], [313];
  • opposition to Davis, [323];
  • fears Sherman, [325].
• Northwest, for Jackson, [22];
  • radical, [23], [40];
  • outstripping Southwest, [121];
  • demand for Oregon, [122], [126], [140];
  • internal improvements, [152];
  • abolition societies, [163];
  • and Polk, [169];
  • Southern alliance broken, [173];
  • expansion, [174], [181];
  • foreign element, [185];
  • population, [185];
  • feared by South, [198];
  • grain and meat, [199];
  • capital, income, debts, [202];
  • and South, [203];
  • and Douglas, [203];
  • land for railroads, [203];
  • expansion and ambition, [204];
  • and slavery, [221];
  • school children, [223];
  • college students, [224];
  • and Pierce, [231];
  • Kansas-Nebraska Bill, [236];
  • clash with South, [236];
  • Pacific Railroad, [238];
  • and East, [242], [263];
  • Lincoln and Douglas, [264];
  • threatened secession, [269];
  • supporting Lincoln, [282];
  • against abolitionists, [301];
  • hostile to Lincoln, [317].
• Nova Scotia, main boundary, [124].
• Nueces River, south bank seized, [148].
• Nullification, formulated by Calhoun, [6];
  • Hayne-Webster debate, [61];
  • imminent in South Carolina, [66], [71];
  • ended in South Carolina, [75].

• Ogden, William B., [202].
• Ohio, [15];
  • canals, [35];
  • and Jackson 37;
  • migration to, [39];
  • trade to New York, [46], [55], [71];
  • internal improvements, [90];
  • Germans in, [91], [119];
  • Oregon and Texas, [122], [162];
  • and Republicans, [241];
  • Democratic, [302].
• Ohio Valley, [46], [56];
  • in plantation belt, [138].
• Oklahoma, [89], [199].
• Omnibus Bill, [180].
• Oregon, and West, [25], [36];
  • and Van Buren, [89];
  • demand for, [122];
  • boundary, [124], [125];
  • Walker letter, [129];
  • Democrats and, [129], [131], [152];
  • Treaty, [153];
  • and Wilmot Proviso, [170];
  • free States, [174], [199].
• Ostend Manifesto, [235].

• Pacific Railroad, [204], [232], [263].
• Palmer, B.M., secession sermon, [221], [278].
• Panama Railroad, [192].
• Panic of 1837, causes, [97], [102].
• Parker, Theodore, heretical, [218].
• Parson, Theophilus, great lawyer, [51].
• Peace congress, [272].
• Peck, John M., library, [35].
• Pendleton, G.H., Democratic leader, [321].
• Peninsula campaign, [296].
• Pennsylvania, [3];
  • and Calhoun, [5];
  • protectionism, [5], [14], [17], [18];
  • Western element, [28], [39], [40];
  • manufacturing in, [42];
  • western, [55], [71], [83], [98];
  • banks, [98], [151];
  • manufacturing, [187];
  • shipping, [187], [201];
  • illiterates, [213], [246];
  • Democratic, [302];
  • panic in, at Lee's invasion, [305].
• Pennsylvania Railroad, [192].
• Perry, Commodore, opening Japan, [235].
• Philadelphia, manufacturing at, [41];
  • financial center, [45], [46], [48];
  • and Bank, [79];
  • failures, [101];
  • mint at, [151], [188], [193], [209], [222], [306].
• Phillips, Wendell, abolition leader, [166].
• Pierce, Franklin, for President, [182];
  • inauguration, [184], [206];
  • and Northwest, [231];
  • program, [232];
  • Pacific Railroad, [233];
  • Cuba, [233];
  • commercial expansion, [235];
  • Eastern opposition, [235], [239].
• Plantation, life in Old South, [137], [138];
  • spread of system, [193].
• Planters, rulers of South, [138];
  • number, [139];
  • and professional men, [139].
• Poe, Edgar Allan, [226].
• Poindexter, George, in Senate, [16];
  • duelist, [32].
• Polk, James K., [53];
  • Speaker of House, [130];
  • for President, [130];
  • election and intentions, [131], [135], [140], [145];
  • and Oregon, [149], [153];
  • and Tariff of 1846, [151];
  • vetoes Internal Improvements Bill, [152];
  • sends Slidell to Mexico, [153], [155];
  • and Mexican Treaty, [157];
  • death, [160], [161];
  • denounced by Sumner, [168];
  • and Wilmot Proviso, [170];
  • and Panama Canal, [174];
  • and California, [175];
  • recommendations, [232].
• Pope, General John, given army, [299];
  • battle of Cedar Mountain, [299];
  • second battle of Bull Run, [300].
• Popular sovereignty, [236], [255].
• Population, of cotton belt, [12];
  • of United States, [28], [40], [184];
  • of West, [28], [40];
  • of New England, [39];
  • of New York, [40];
  • of East, [40];
  • of South, [40];
  • foreign elements, [185].
• Powers, Hiram, sculptor, [225].
• Prentiss, Sargent, [90].
• Presbyterians, in West, [33];
  • in South, [142], [218];
  • and slavery, [143], [145], [160];
  • strong clergy, [220];
  • members in 1860, [220];
  • Princeton a center, [222].
• Prescott, William H., [228].
• President, one term demanded, [16];
  • and Supreme Court, [51], [55].
• Presidential campaign, of 1828, [3], [18], [19];
  • of 1832, [69], [70];
  • of 1836, [92];
  • of 1840, [110];
  • of 1844, [127];
  • of 1848, [170];
  • of 1852, [182];
  • of 1856, [245];
  • of 1860, [261].
• Preston, Ballard, [171].
• Preston, William C., [93].
• Princeton College, Presbyterian center, [232];
  • Southerners at, [224].
• Pryor, General Roger A., and Fort Sumter, [275].
• Public debt of United States, paid, [99].
• Public education, in West, [34];
  • in South, [142].
• Public lands, [25], [26];
  • squatters, [27];
  • Benton and, [27];
  • for schools, [34];
  • Foot Resolution, [60];
  • Preëmption Bill, [60], [89], [108];
  • sales, [91], [97];
  • Specie Circular, [92];
  • distribution of proceeds, [114], [116];
  • for railroads, [203].

• Quakers, [22].
• Quitman, John A., [91];
  • filibustering, [198].

• Railroads, speculation in West, [92];
  • and Jackson, [92];
  • building, [192];
  • opening grain region, [199];
  • of South breaking down, [310], [323].
• Randolph, John, [10], [11], [15], [16], [30], [132].
• Rankin, John, anti-slavery worker, [119], [161].
• Reeder, Andrew, Governor of Kansas, [243].
• Religion, in ante-bellum South, [143];
  • American, of 1860, [216].
• Republican party, in Wisconsin and Michigan, [241], [242];
  • Northern and anti-slavery, [243];
  • platform, [246];
  • and Frémont, [246], [247], [251];
  • and Douglas, [255];
  • and Seward, [257];
  • Chicago Convention, [261], [262];
  • conciliatory, [270];
  • loses seven States, [302].
• Repudiation of state debts, [106];
  • effect on Confederacy, [316].
• Revenue, of United States, exceeding expenses, [92];
  • surplus distribution vetoed, [92];
  • surplus deposited with States, [92];
  • defaulters, [96], [97], [98], [103].
• Rhett, Robert Barnwell, [6], [15];
  • threatening secession, [117], [132], [150], [152];
  • retired after 1850, [181];
  • for secession, [264], [270];
  • opposed to Davis, [312], [324].
• Rhode Island, [15].
• Rice, [5], [12], [132].
• Rice, Nathan L., slavery divine, [221].
• Richmond, Va., [10];
  • and Bank, [79];
  • wheat market, [133];
  • Confederate capital, [280];
  • social life, [280];
  • evacuated, [326].
• Rio Grande, boundary proposed, [130], [148], [194].
• Ritchie, Thomas, and Walker, [129];
  • for Compromise of 1850, [178].
• Rives, William C., supporting Tyler, [116], [324].
• Robinson, Charles, anti-slavery leader, [244].
• Rosecrans, General W. S., [295];
  • battle of Murfreesboro, [295], [303].
• Ross, John, chief of Cherokees, [88].
• Rush, Richard, candidate for Vice-President, [17].

• St. Louis, Mo., Mercantile Library, [35];
  • fur trade, [35];
  • in cotton belt, [135], [193];
  • Pacific Railroad, [235].
• Santa Anna, [154].
• Sargent, John, candidate for Vice-President, [67].
• Savannah, Ga., blockade-running from, [313];
  • captured by Sherman, [324].
• Scammon, John Y., [202].
• Schurz, Carl, and Lincoln's election, [264].
• Scott, General Winfield, sent to Mexico, [155];
  • captures Vera Cruz, [155];
  • Cerro Gordo, [156];
  • Churubusco, [156];
  • Molino del Rey, [156];
  • Chapultepec, [156];
  • Mexico City, captured, [156];
  • Whig candidate for President, [181];
  • blunders, [181];
  • defeat, [182], [283].
• Secession, final remedy, [6];
  • Calhoun and, [145];
  • over Texas question, [167];
  • over California, [176];
  • of South, contemplated, [198];
  • threatened in 1856, [246];
  • of Wisconsin threatened, [252];
  • much talked of, [253];
  • historical background, [268], [270].
• Sectionalism, in South Carolina, [5];
  • in North Carolina, [8];
  • in Virginia, [10], [145];
  • checked, [171], [205], [231];
  • renewed, [235];
  • strong, [265].
• Seminole War, [2];
  • and Jackson, [64].
• Seward, William H., anti-slavery Whig, [164];
  • for Wilmot Proviso, [171];
  • adviser to Taylor, [175], [179], [180], [184], [214];
  • attacks Douglas, [240], [242], [243];
  • and Kansas, [245];
  • for popular sovereignty, [251], [255], [257];
  • Chicago Convention, [261], [262];
  • defeated, [263];
  • conciliatory, [269], [271];
  • for peace, [273];
  • and arbitrary arrests, [304];
  • opposes emancipation, [304], [315];
  • meets Confederate commissioners, [324].
• Seymour, Horatio, Democratic leader, [321].
• Sheridan, General Philip, wins at Winchester, [322];
  • lays waste Shenandoah Valley, [322], [326].
• Sherman, General W. T., [303];
  • in Georgia, [318];
  • forces Johnston back, [319];
  • defeats Hood and captures Atlanta, [319];
  • march to sea, [322], [323];
  • captures Savannah, [324], [325];
  • Johnston surrenders to, [327].
• Shiloh, battle of, [293].
• Ship subsidies, [205], [232], [235].
• Shipping, manufacturing gaining in East, [41], [47];
  • merchants appeal to Hayne, [48];
  • increase, 1850-60, [205].
• Simms, William Gilmore, [225].
• Slave-owners, [138];
  • number, [139].
• Slave trade, negotiations with England, [123];
  • Creole affair, [124];
  • agitation for reopening, [198];
  • active, [252];
  • forbidden by Confederacy, [271].
• Slavery, in South Carolina, [4];
  • in North Carolina, [9];
  • in Virginia, [10], [13], [30], [118];
  • value of slaves, [42];
  • product, [42];
  • in Democratic platform, [110];
  • Dew on, [118];
  • “a blessing,” [118], [119];
  • and Northern business, [119], [134];
  • plantation life, [136], [210];
  • profitable unit, [137];
  • in Southwest, [140];
  • and the churches, [144];
  • early Southern opposition, [161];
  • abolition and, [163];
  • in Territories, [174];
  • and California, [175];
  • Dred Scott decision, [248];
  • Lincoln-Douglas debates, [256];
  • Freeport doctrine, [256];
  • popular sovereignty, [236], [255], [256];
  • and Republicans, [262];
  • guaranteed by Confederacy, [271].
• Slaves, conditions of life, [210];
  • faithful during war, [277];
  • emancipation to be proclaimed, [302];
  • Davis offers emancipation of, in effort to secure European recognition of Confederacy, [323];
  • offered freedom to fight, [325].
• Slidell, John, [91];
  • mission to Mexico, [153], [215], [258];
  • commissioner to Europe, [285];
  • in France, [315].
• Sloat, Commodore John D., seizes California, [154].
• Smith, Gerrit, [166].
• Sons of Liberty, [321], [323].
• Soule, Bishop, [34].
• Soulé, Pierre, commissioner to Spain, [233];
  • recalled, [234];
  • Ostend Manifesto, [234].
• South, [4], [6], [7], [8], [12], [13];
  • against Adams, [13];
  • for Jackson, [17], [18], [23];
  • planters not democratic, [24];
  • alliance with West, [30], [40], [109], [129], [131];
  • uneasy about slavery, [37];
  • population, [40], [41], [42];
  • exports, [42];
  • banks and circulation, [45];
  • trade with New England, and New York, [46];
  • cotton, slaves, land, [47], [48];
  • judges for property interests, [51], [55], [58];
  • for free trade, [59];
  • and the Bank, [60], [61], [69], [80];
  • control or secession, [62];
  • and protection, [68], [69], [70];
  • and nullification, [72];
  • market for East, [75];
  • and Union, [75];
  • removal of Indians, [87];
  • for Van Buren, [93];
  • land office defaulters, [96], [101], [115], [117], [118], [119];
  • for Texas, [120];
  • North outstripping, [121], [124];
  • and Texas, [126];
  • Oregon and Texas, [129];
  • Walker letter, [129];
  • California, Oregon, and Texas, [132];
  • ante-bellum, and civilization, [132], [133], [135];
  • plantation life in, [136], [138], [139], [140], [141];
  • rural life, [142];
  • court days, [142];
  • few paupers and insane, [142], [143], [145], [160], [161];
  • abolitionists mistrust, [163], [164];
  • and abolition agitation, [165];
  • Texas or secession, [167];
  • for Cass, [172];
  • break with Northwest, [173];
  • desperate situation, [174];
  • proposed conventions, [176], [178];
  • accepts compromise, [181];
  • population, [185];
  • railroad building, [189];
  • plantation system, [193], [194], [195];
  • commercial conventions, [195];
  • Cuba, Nicaragua, slave trade, [198];
  • contemplating secession, [198], [203];
  • trade with North, [205], [213];
  • aristocratic life, [213];
  • Calvinistic religion, [218];
  • public education, [223];
  • college students, [224], [234];
  • clash with Northwest, [236], [240];
  • becoming solid, [243], [246];
  • against Douglas, [257];
  • John Brown raid, [259];
  • preparing for secession, [264];
  • and Lincoln's election, [268], [269];
  • war enthusiasm, [276], [277];
  • Union areas, [278], [279], [280];
  • confidence, [282];
  • currency and finances, [286];
  • not ready for reunion, [309];
  • debt currency and taxation, [310];
  • dissensions, [310], [311];
  • cost of war to, [328].
• South Carolina, [4];
  • cotton and politics, [5];
  • Calhoun and Jackson, [8], [11], [14], [19], [23], [28], [30];
  • nationalism and protection to particularism and free trade, [54], [55], [60], [63], [65], [66], [68];
  • ready to nullify, [70];
  • nullification, [71], [72];
  • Jackson's Proclamation and Force Bill, [73];
  • repeal of nullification, [75], [77], [82];
  • internal improvements and debt, [98];
  • bank laws, [106];
  • for Van Buren, [111];
  • “slavery a blessing,” [119];
  • Calhoun and, [119];
  • loses representatives, [121], [128], [131], [140], [141];
  • Presbyterians, [143];
  • and Wilmot Proviso, [171];
  • California and slavery, [175];
  • secession of, [269], [270];
  • Union area, [278], [313];
  • Sherman and, [325].
• Southwest, radical, [23];
  • newly rich, [31];
  • and nullification, [72];
  • river commerce, [90];
  • cotton expansion, [90];
  • growth, [121];
  • and old South, [140].
• Sparks, Rev. Jared, [73].
• Specie Circular, [92];
  • effect on business, [102];
  • demand for repeal, [102], [103].
• Squatter sovereignty, started by Cass, [171].
• Stanton, Edwin M., Secretary of War, [299];
  • arbitrary arrests, [304].
• Steamers, on Great Lakes, [35];
  • on the Mississippi, [35].
• Stephens, Alexander H., for Taylor, [171];
  • out of favor, [175];
  • blaming anti-slavery, [176];
  • defends Douglas, [240];
  • Democrat, [243];
  • Vice-President of Confederacy, [271];
  • reëlected, [286];
  • for reunion, [309];
  • would impeach Davis, [323], [324], [325].
• Stevens, Thaddeus, supports Lincoln, [322].
• Story, Joseph, [15], [252].
• Suffrage, [3];
  • in North Carolina, [9];
  • in Virginia, [10];
  • in New York, [14];
  • in Connecticut, [14];
  • in Massachusetts, [15];
  • in Rhode Island, [15].
• Sugar, [12], [132], [194].
• Sully, portrait painter, [54].
• Sumner, Charles, for constitutional abolition, [168];
  • hostile to Webster, [179], [184], [215];
  • against Nebraska Bill, [240], [241], [242];
  • “Crime-of-Kansas” speech, [245];
  • assaulted by Brooks, [245], [253], [263];
  • uncompromising, [273];
  • for immediate emancipation, [301];
  • denounces Lincoln, [316], [320];
  • supports Lincoln, [322].
• Sumter, Fort, [270], [272], [273];
  • bombardment of, united North, [283].
• Supreme Court, of United States, proposal to limit powers, [16], [50], [51], [55];
  • of Georgia, Jackson and, [72];
  • Cherokee Nation against Georgia, [88];
  • changed, [99];
  • Dred Scott decision, [247].
• Surplus. See Revenue.