[16] See the instances quoted in the chapter on signals, [p. 140].
[17] τὸ βαρβαρικὸν ἀνέτεινε σημεῖον. Strategemata, viii, 53 (iii). Polyaenus flourished circa 150 a.d. and was therefore writing long after the event he relates, but he appears to have had access to earlier authors whose works have now perished.
[18] Herodotus, vii, 100, 128.
[19] Strategemata, iii, 11 (xi).
[20] E.g. Diodorus Siculi, xiii, 46, 77; Polyaenus, i, 48 (ii); Polybius, ii, 66 (ii).
[21] Φοινικις said to be derived from Φοίνιξ dark red or purple. Φοίνιξ which also denotes a Phoenician is of doubtful etymology and may have been derived from the name of the date palm.
[22] Vide Stuart Jones, Companion to Roman History.
[23] Natural History, Book x, 5 (4).
[24] Caesar, B.G. ii, 20: vexillum proponendum, quod erat insigne, quum ad arma concurri oporteret.
[25] Tacitus, Hist. v, 22: Namque praetoriam navem vexillo insignem, illic ducem rati, abripiunt.