The book contains much that is new. In Part II, which is devoted largely to the study of cells and cell contents, is a new scientific, yet practical, classification of cells and cell contents. The author believes that his classification of bast fibres and hairs will clear up much of the confusion that students have experienced when studying these structures.
The book is replete with illustrations, all of which are from original drawings made by the author. As most of these illustrations are diagnostic of the plants in which they occur, they will prove especially valuable as reference plates.
The material of the book is the outgrowth of the experience of the author in teaching histology at the College of Pharmacy of the City of New York, Columbia University, and of years of practical experience gained by examining powdered drugs in the laboratory of a large importing and exporting wholesale drug house.
The author is indebted to Ernest Leitz and Bausch & Lomb Optical Company for the use of cuts of microscopic apparatus used in Part I of the book.
The author also desires to express his appreciation to Professor Walter S. Cameron, who has rendered him much valuable aid.
William Mansfield.
Columbia University,
September, 1916.
CONTENTS
| [PART I] | |
| SIMPLE AND COMPOUND MICROSCOPES AND MICROSCOPIC TECHNIC | |
| [CHAPTER I] | |
| THE SIMPLE MICROSCOPES | |
| PAGE | |
| Simple microscopes, forms of | [4] |
| [CHAPTER II] | |
| COMPOUND MICROSCOPES | |
| Compound microscopes, structure of | [7] |
| Compound microscopes, mechanical parts of | [7] |
| Compound microscopes, optical parts of | [9] |
| Compound microscopes, forms of | [12] |
| [CHAPTER III] | |
| MICROSCOPIC MEASUREMENTS | |
| Ocular micrometer | [19] |
| Stage micrometer | [19] |
| Mechanical stage | [21] |
| Micrometer eye-pieces | [21] |
| Camera lucida | [22] |
| Drawing apparatus | [23] |
| Microphotographic apparatus | [24] |
| [CHAPTER IV] | |
| HOW TO USE THE MICROSCOPE | |
| Illumination | [26] |
| Micro lamp | [27] |
| Care of the microscope | [28] |
| Preparation of specimens for cutting | [28] |
| Paraffin imbedding oven | [30] |
| Paraffin blocks | [31] |
| Cutting sections | [31] |
| Hand microtome | [31] |
| Machine microtomes | [32] |
| [CHAPTER V] | |
| REAGENTS | |
| Reagent set | [39] |
| Measuring cylinder | [40] |
| [CHAPTER VI] | |
| HOW TO MOUNT SPECIMENS | |
| Temporary mounts | [41] |
| Permanent mounts | [41] |
| Cover glasses | [43] |
| Glass slides | [44] |
| Forceps | [45] |
| Needles | [46] |
| Scissors | [46] |
| Turntable | [46] |
| Labeling | [47] |
| Preservation of mounted specimens | [48] |
| Slide box | [48] |
| Slide tray | [48] |
| Slide cabinet | [49] |
| [PART II] | |
| TISSUES, CELLS AND CELL CONTENTS | |
| [CHAPTER I] | |
| THE CELL | |
| Typical cell | [53] |
| Changes in a cell undergoing division | [55] |
| Origin of multicellular plants | [57] |
| [CHAPTER II] | |
| THE EPIDERMIS AND PERIDERM | |
| Leaf epidermis | [59] |
| Testa epidermis | [63] |
| Plant hairs | [66] |
| Forms of hairs | [67] |
| Papillæ | [67] |
| Unicellular hairs | [69] |
| Multicellular hairs | [72] |
| Periderm | [80] |
| Cork periderm | [80] |
| Stone cell periderm | [85] |
| Parenchyma and stone cell periderm | [85] |
| [CHAPTER III] | |
| MECHANICAL TISSUES | |
| Bast fibres | [89] |
| Crystal bearing bast fibres | [90] |
| Porous and striated bast fibres | [92] |
| Porous and non-striated bast fibres | [96] |
| Non-porous and striated bast fibres | [96] |
| Non-porous and non-striated bast fibres | [96] |
| Occurrence of bast fibres in powdered drugs | [103] |
| Wood fibres | [104] |
| Collenchyma cells | [106] |
| Stone cells | [109] |
| Endodermal cells | [116] |
| Hypodermal cells | [118] |
| [CHAPTER IV] | |
| ABSORPTION TISSUE | |
| Root hairs | [121] |
| [CHAPTER V] | |
| CONDUCTING TISSUE | |
| Vessels and tracheids | [126] |
| Annular vessels | [127] |
| Spiral vessels | [127] |
| Sclariform vessels | [128] |
| Reticulate vessels | [131] |
| Pitted vessels | [131] |
| Pitted vessels with bordered pores | [131] |
| Sieve tubes | [136] |
| Sieve plate | [138] |
| Medullary bundles, rays and cells | [138] |
| Medullary ray bundle | [139] |
| The medullary ray | [139] |
| The medullary ray cell | [141] |
| Structure of the medullary ray cells | [142] |
| Arrangement of the medullary ray cells in the medullary ray | [142] |
| Latex tubes | [142] |
| Parenchyma | [144] |
| Cortical parenchyma | [147] |
| Pith parenchyma | [147] |
| Leaf parenchyma | [150] |
| Aquatic plant parenchyma | [150] |
| Wood parenchyma | [150] |
| Phloem parenchyma | [150] |
| Palisade parenchyma | [150] |
| [CHAPTER VI] | |
| AERATING TISSUE | |
| Water pores | [151] |
| Stomata | [151] |
| Relation of stomata to the surrounding cells | [154] |
| Lenticels | [157] |
| Intercellular spaces | [158] |
| [CHAPTER VII] | |
| SYNTHETIC TISSUE | |
| Photosynthetic tissue | [163] |
| Glandular tissue | [164] |
| Glandular hairs | [164] |
| Secretion cavities | [166] |
| Schizogenous cavities | [168] |
| Lysigenous cavities | [168] |
| Schizo-lysigenous cavities | [168] |
| [CHAPTER VIII] | |
| STORAGE TISSUE | |
| Storage cells | [173] |
| Storage cavities | [176] |
| Crystal cavities | [176] |
| Mucilage cavities | [176] |
| Latex cavities | [176] |
| Oil cavity | [178] |
| Glandular hairs as storage organs | [178] |
| Storage walls | [179] |
| [CHAPTER IX] | |
| CELL CONTENTS | |
| Chlorophyll | [182] |
| Leucoplastids | [183] |
| Starch grains | [183] |
| Occurrence | [184] |
| Outline | [185] |
| Size | [185] |
| Hilum | [185] |
| Nature of hilum | [188] |
| Inulin | [194] |
| Mucilage | [194] |
| Hesperidin | [196] |
| Volatile oil | [196] |
| Tannin | [196] |
| Aleurone grains | [197] |
| Structure of aleurone grains | [197] |
| Form of aleurone grains | [197] |
| Description of aleurone grains | [198] |
| Tests for aleurone grains | [198] |
| Crystals | [200] |
| Micro-crystals | [200] |
| Raphides | [200] |
| Rosette crystals | [202] |
| Solitary crystals | [205] |
| Cystoliths | [210] |
| Forms of cystoliths | [210] |
| Tests for cystoliths | [215] |
| [PART III] | |
| HISTOLOGY OF ROOTS, RHIZOMES, STEMS, BARKS, WOODS, FLOWERS, FRUITS AND SEEDS | |
| [CHAPTER I] | |
| ROOTS AND RHIZOMES | |
| Cross-section of pink root | [219] |
| Cross-section of ruellia root | [219] |
| Cross-section of spigelia rhizome | [223] |
| Cross-section of ruellia rhizome | [226] |
| Powdered pink root | [227] |
| Powdered ruellia root | [227] |
| [CHAPTER II] | |
| STEMS | |
| Herbaceous stems | [233] |
| Cross-section, spigelia stem | [233] |
| Ruellia stem | [235] |
| Powdered horehound | [237] |
| Powdered spurious horehound | [237] |
| Insect flower stems | [241] |
| [CHAPTER III] | |
| WOODY STEMS | |
| Buchu stem | [242] |
| Mature buchu stem | [242] |
| Powdered buchu stem | [245] |
| [CHAPTER IV] | |
| BARKS | |
| White pine bark | [248] |
| Powdered white pine bark | [250] |
| [CHAPTER V] | |
| WOODS | |
| Cross-section quassia | [254] |
| Radial-section quassia | [254] |
| Tangential-section quassia | [258] |
| [CHAPTER VI] | |
| LEAVES | |
| Klip buchu | [260] |
| Powdered klip buchu | [262] |
| Mountain laurel | [264] |
| Trailing arbutus | [264] |
| [CHAPTER VII] | |
| FLOWERS | |
| Pollen grains | [270] |
| Non-spiny-walled pollen grains | [273] |
| Spiny-walled pollen grains | [273] |
| Stigma papillæ | [274] |
| Powdered insect flowers | [278] |
| Open insect flowers | [280] |
| Powdered white daisies | [282] |
| [CHAPTER VIII] | |
| FRUITS | |
| Celery fruit | [285] |
| [CHAPTER IX] | |
| SEEDS | |
| Sweet almonds | [289] |
| [CHAPTER X] | |
| ARRANGEMENT OF VASCULAR BUNDLES | |
| Types of fibro-vascular bundles | [292] |
| Radial vascular bundles | [292] |
| Concentric vascular bundles | [295] |
| Collateral vascular bundles | [295] |
| Bi-collateral vascular bundles | [298] |
| Open collateral vascular bundles | [298] |
| [INDEX] | |